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The Italian Renaissance Preview Starting Points Map: Europe Main Idea / Reading Focus The Beginning of the Renaissance Renaissance Ideas Quick Facts:

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Presentation on theme: "The Italian Renaissance Preview Starting Points Map: Europe Main Idea / Reading Focus The Beginning of the Renaissance Renaissance Ideas Quick Facts:"— Presentation transcript:

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3 The Italian Renaissance
Preview Starting Points Map: Europe Main Idea / Reading Focus The Beginning of the Renaissance Renaissance Ideas Quick Facts: Causes of the Renaissance Renaissance Art Faces of History: Two Renaissance Masters

4 Click the icon to play Listen to History audio.
Click the icon below to connect to the Interactive Maps.

5 The Italian Renaissance
Main Idea In Italy the growth of wealthy trading cities and new ways of thinking helped lead to a rebirth of the arts and learning. This era became known as the Renaissance. Reading Focus What changes in society and in cities stimulated the beginning of the Renaissance? What ideas formed the foundation of the Italian Renaissance? What contributions did artists make to the Renaissance?

6 How did the Crusades contribute to the Renaissance?
• Increased demand for Middle Eastern products • Stimulated production of goods to trade in Middle Eastern markets • Encouraged the use of credit and banking • Church rule against usury and the banks’ practice of charging interest helped to secularize northern Italy. • Letters of credit served to expand the supply of money and expedite trade. • New accounting and bookkeeping practices (use of Arabic numerals) were introduced.

7 The Beginning of the Renaissance
Michelangelo’s painting was different from the art of the Middle Ages, and only one way in which European society began changing after the 1300s. 1300, Black Death, starvation, warfare had overtaken Europe Catastrophic events, enormous loss of life may have led to changes of the 1300s Decrease in population led to: Increase in food production Decline in food prices More money to spend Specialization in products Changes in Society Urban areas specialized, particularly in Italy Italy divided into several large city-states in north, various kingdoms, Papal States south Catholic Church, nobles, merchants, artisans dominated society in city-states Many sought to display new wealth with knowledge of arts The Rise of City-States

8 What was the Renaissance?
What was the Renaissance, and where did it begin? Italy Italian Cities Urban Societies Major Trading Centers Secular Moved away from life in the church Focuses more on material objects and enjoying life

9 The Renaissance was a time of renewal
Renaissance means rebirth and Europe was recovering from the Dark ages and the plague. People had lost their faith in the church and began to put more focus on human beings.

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12 Venice With access to sea, Venice built economy, reputation on trade Had long history of trading with other ports on Mediterranean Sea Shipbuilding prospered, sailors traveled to Near East Wealthy Venetian merchants built unique city, “work of art” Milan, Florence Milan, west of Venice, based economy on agriculture, silk, weapons Florence, to south, famous for banking, cloth Monarchs appealed to Florentine bankers for money to fund wars Merchants refined raw wool into fine cloth Bankers, merchants created city to rival any in Europe

13 Major Italian Cities Adriatic Sea Tyrrhenian Sea Venice Milan Genoa
Italy failed to become united during the Ages. Many independent city-states emerged in northern and central Italy that played an important role in Italian politics and art. Milan One of the richest cities, it controls trade through the Alps. Milan Venice Venice Sitting on the Adriatic, it attracts trade from all over the world. Genoa Florence Florence Controlled by the De Medici Family, who became great patrons of the arts. Adriatic Sea Genoa Had Access to Trade Routes Tyrrhenian Sea All of these cities: Had access to trade routes connecting Europe with Middle Eastern markets • Served as trading centers for the distribution of goods to northern Europe • Were initially independent city-states governed as republics

14 How did society and cities change in the 1300s?
Find the Main Idea How did society and cities change in the 1300s? Answer(s): Specialization in agriculture increased, resulting in more trade; urban areas became centers of commerce; merchants and artisans became important; some cities became displays of wealth.

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16 Inspiration from the Ancients
Renaissance Ideas As the economy and society changed, new ideas began to appear. This period of interest and developments in art, literature, science and learning is known as the Renaissance, French for “rebirth.” Venetian ships carried goods for trade and Greek scholars seeking refuge Scholars brought ancient works thought to be lost Inspiration from the Ancients Italians who could read looked for more information Read Arabic translations of original texts Searched libraries, found lost texts New World of Ideas As they read, began to think about philosophy, art, science in different ways Began to believe in human capacity to create, achieve Different Viewpoints

17 Humanism Humanities Roots Interest in ancient Greek, Roman culture
Characteristics of good education Scholastic education gave way to classics: rhetoric, grammar, poetry, history, Latin, Greek Subjects came to be known as humanities, movement they inspired known as humanism Humanists emphasized individual accomplishment Humanities Roots traced to work of Dante; work contained glimpses of what would become focus on human nature Historians believe Renaissance began with two humanists who lived after Dante—Giovanni Boccaccio, Francesco Petrarch Both wrote literature in everyday language not Latin Advances were made in medicine, as well as astronomy Roots

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19 • Celebrated the individual
How did classical knowledge of the ancient Greeks and Romans foster humanism in the Italian Renaissance? Humanism • Celebrated the individual • Stimulated the study of Greek and Roman literature and culture • Was supported by wealthy patrons

20 Literature flourished during the Renaissance
This can be greatly attributed to Johannes Gutenberg In 1455 Gutenberg printed the first book produced by using moveable type. The Bible

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22 Secular Writers Service Renaissance Man
Early 1500s life in Italy seemed insecure, precarious Church no longer served as source of stability, peace Form of humanism developed from Petrarch’s ideas; focus was secular, was worldly rather than spiritual Humanists argued that individual achievement, education could be fully expressed only if people used talents, abilities in service of cities. Service Ideal Renaissance man came to be “universal man,” accomplished in classics, but also man of action, who could respond to all situations. Renaissance Man

23 Examples of Renaissance Men
How to Act Italian diplomat Baldassare Castiglione wrote book, The Courtier Described how perfect Renaissance gentleman, gentlewoman should act Book includes fictional conversation between duke, guests Castiglione’s Advice Castiglione gave nobles new rules for refined behavior in humanist society Speak of serious, as well of amusing subjects; know Latin, Greek Be well-acquainted with poetry, history; be able to write prose, poetry How to Rule Philosopher, statesman Niccolò Machiavelli also wrote influential book Experiences with violent politics influenced opinions on how governments should rule in The Prince

24 Machiavelli Machiavellian advice seemed to encourage harsh treatment of citizens, rival states Describes men as “ungrateful, fickle, liars, and deceivers” Advises rulers to separate morals from politics Power, ruthlessness more useful than idealism Ruler must do whatever necessary to maintain political power, even if cruel Machiavelli’s theory that “the end justifies the means” deviated from accepted views of correct behavior Idea that state an entity in itself, separate from its ruler, became foundation for later political philosophy

25 Political Ideas of the Renaissance
Niccolò Machiavelli The Prince Machiavelli believed: “One can make this generalization about men: they are ungrateful, fickle, liars, and deceivers, they shun danger and are greedy for profit” Machiavelli observed city-state rulers of his day and produced guidelines for the acquisition and maintenance of power by absolute rule. He felt that a ruler should be willing to do anything to maintain control without worrying about conscience.

26 Better for a ruler to be feared than to be loved
Ruler should be quick and decisive in decision making Ruler keeps power by any means necessary The end justifies the means Be good when possible, and evil when necessary

27 Science of the Renaissance
Scientific Information Humanists searched archives, Arab translations for classical texts Discovered wealth of scientific information Natural World Focus of Renaissance on human sciences, history, politics, geography New ideas about natural world began to be explored also Scientific Challenges Science soon became important avenue of inquiry Church’s teachings about world were challenged, particularly that Earth center of universe Earth, Sun Nicholas Copernicus said Sun was center of universe Galileo Galilei arrested by church officials for saying Earth orbited Sun

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29 What were some important new ideas of the Renaissance?
Draw Conclusions What were some important new ideas of the Renaissance? Answer(s): inspiration from the ancient Greeks and Romans; humanism; secular focus; new theories in science

30 Medieval art and literature focused on the Church and salvation
The Renaissance produced new ideas that were reflected in the arts, philosophy, and literature. Patrons, wealthy from newly expanded trade, sponsored works which glorified city-states in northern Italy. Education became increasingly secular. Medieval art and literature focused on the Church and salvation Renaissance art and literature focused on individuals and worldly matters, along with Christianity.

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33 Competition Among Patrons
Renaissance Art The arts a reflection of the new humanist spirit Medieval artists—idealized and symbolic representations Renaissance artists depicted what they observed in nature Medieval times, anonymous artists who worked for church created art Renaissance artists worked for whoever offered them highest price Buyers of art, patrons, might be wealthy individuals, city governments, or church Patrons of the Arts Wealthy individuals competed, displaying wealth, modernity through purchase of artworks Florence, Lorenzo de Medici supported most talented artists Milan, ruling Sforza family benefactors of artists, others Competition Among Patrons Renaissance artists wanted to paint the natural world as realistically as possible.

34 Styles and Techniques Studied perspective, represented three-dimensional objects Experimented with using color to portray shapes, textures Subject matter changed; artists began to paint, sculpt scenes from Greek, Roman myths Artists Methods Religious paintings focused on personality Humanist interest in classical learning, human nature Building design reflected humanist reverence for Greek, Roman culture Classical architecture favored Classical Influence

35 New Techniques also emerged
Renaissance Artists embraced some of the ideals of Greece and Rome in their art They wanted their subjects to be realistic and focused on humanity and emotion New Techniques also emerged Frescos: Painting done on wet plaster became popular because it gave depth to the paintings Sculpture emphasized realism and the human form Architecture reached new heights of design

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37 Leonardo da Vinci Michelangelo Sculpture, Painting
Highly talented in all fields His paintings are still studied and admired Wrote out ideas, filling 20,000 pages of notes His interests, enthusiasm boundless Studied anatomy Age 24, won fame with Pietà, sculpture of Jesus’ mother Mary holding son’s dead body Sculpture communicates grief, love, acceptance, immortality Michelangelo Marble statue of David Most famous painting, artwork on ceiling of Sistine Chapel Scenes from Old Testament considered one of greatest achievements in art history Sculpture, Painting

38 Other Artists Raphael Bramante
Raffaello Sanzio, became known as Raphael Renowned painter, accomplished architect Most famous work, The School of Athens, fresco—painting made on fresh, moist plaster Also well known for many paintings of the Madonna, mother of Jesus Raphael Renaissance architecture reached height with work of Donato Bramante Had already achieved fame when chosen architect of Rome Design for St. Peter’s Basilica influenced appearance of many smaller churches Bramante

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40 What was the ideal of Renaissance art?
Find the Main Idea What was the ideal of Renaissance art? Answer(s): capturing human personality, realism, human form

41 Born in 1475 in a small town near Florence, is considered to be one of the most inspired men who ever lived

42 Michelangelo created his masterpiece David in 1504.

43 Sistine Chapel About a year after creating David, Pope Julius II summoned Michelangelo to Rome to work on his most famous project, the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.

44 Separation of Light and Darkness
Creation of Adam Creation of Eve The Last Judgment Separation of Light and Darkness

45 La Pieta 1499 Marble Sculpture

46 Moses

47 Painter, Sculptor, Architect, Engineer
Painter, Sculptor, Architect, Engineer Genius!

48 Mona Lisa

49 The Last Supper

50 Notebooks

51 Raphael Painter

52 The School of Athens

53 Pythagoras Plato and Aristotle Socrates

54 Raphael (back) Euclid Zoroaster & Ptolemy

55 Portrait of Giovanni Arnolfini and his Wife (1434)
Jan Van Eyck Portrait of Giovanni Arnolfini and his Wife (1434) Northern Renaissance

56 Portrait of Giovanni Arnolfini and his Wife (detail)
Van Eyck Portrait of Giovanni Arnolfini and his Wife (detail)

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