1. Marine Scientists at work
Chapter 2

2. Marine science today
Oceans currently monitored by: Satellites (in orbit around the Earth) by use of remote sensors. Remote sensors are instruments that gather information on the features on Earth without being in physical contact with it. These satellites send back info on
SST’s (sea surface temperatures)
Ice cover
Ocean Depths
Weather conditions
Circulation of currents
Sea surface height (indicates air pressure above and water temperature)
Productivity (mostly plankton) – using computer-generated colors
AQUA – launched in 2002 gathers info on precipitation and evaporation in order to determine if Earth’s water cycle is being affected by climate change.

3. Remote sensors
electromagnetic radiation= EMR

4. Marine science today
Remote-sensing satellites are used in search and rescue operations.
NOAA (National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration) A federal agency that monitors the ocean operates SARSAT (Search And Rescue Satellite-Aided Tracking) Locates people in distress in land and on sea.

5. Scientific method Scientific Method applied to Marine Science
Stating the problem
Forming a hypothesis
Testing the hypothesis
Gather materials
Select test method
Determine what the variables are; design a controlled experiment
Develop experimental (exposed) group and a control (not exposed) group
Observations and results of testing
Conclusions

6. Scientific method Observations: Gathered through your senses
Types of observations:
Qualitative observations are descriptions that do NOT involve numbers or measurements.
Ex-The ball is round and red.
Quantitative observations are NUMERICAL measurements.
Ex- the mass of a book is 600g
Hypothesis:
Predicts an outcome. Must be a statement.
Must be testable!
Sometimes written as If…Then… statements
IF is the Independent Variable the THEN is the Dependent Variable.

7. Scientific Method Independent Variable: Dependent Variable:
What you are testing (changing). The IF of your if then statement.
Dependent Variable:
What is it you are measuring. What results are you looking at. How do you know it works? The THEN of your statement.
Example: If I put a seed in soil, then it will grow.

8. Let’s practice
If a plant is exposed to high temperatures then it will not grow.
If students study with music on then test scores will increase.
If fish food is blue then fish will eat less.
What would be the Control and Experimental Groups for each?

9. Procedure/Experiment:
The steps in your experiment.
Actually doing the experiment
Data collection and analysis:
Look at data and look for relationships
Construct a graph
Conclusion:
Decided was your hypothesis supported according to your data.
Why do you think you saw the results you did
Retest:
Retest to see if you get the same results

10. Scientific measurements
Units of Measurement: Meters, Liters and Grams
Length: used for distance (Km, m, cm, mm)
1Km = 1000m = 100,000 cm = 1,000,000 mm
Convert Miles to Meters: Miles x 1,
Convert Meters to Miles: Meters / 1,
10 Miles = 16, Meters or Km
Volume: the space occupied by an object (or liquid)
Solid objects: L * W *H if measureable
Water displacement must be used if not measureable
Liquids: simply use the graduated cylinders
Mass : the amount of matter contained in an object (Kg, g, mg)
1 Kg = 1000 g = 100,000 mg
Density = the amount of matter (mass) contained in a given space (volume)
D = m/v resulting in units of g/cm3
Density of liquids can be determined with a hydrometer

12. Scientific Measurements
Temperature:
Fahrenheit
Boiling = 212
Room = 68
Freezing =32
Celsius
Boiling =100
Room =20
Freezing =0
To convert 0F to 0C subtract 32 and divide by 1.8
To convert 0C to 0F
Multiply by 1.8 and add 32

13. Scientific measurements
Specific Gravity = the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of water (distilled) at 4°C, which is 1.000
So, a specific gravity of means that a substance is 7 times more dense than water, which also means it’s density will be 7.0 g/cm3
Salinity = The amount of dissolved salt in a substance; avg. ocean salinity is 3.5% = 35 ppt which has a density of 1.025
ppt= parts per thousand.
Temperature affects salinity, and both affect the movement of water in the oceans!

14. Viewing the microscopic world