1. Ohio Learning Standard #21
Postwar global politics leads to rise of nationalist movements in Africa

3. Multi-Ethnic Society *Wide variety of cultures, languages, & religions*
Constitution recognizes 11 official languages
2 of these are of European: English & Afrikaans
English is commonly used in public & business

4. Rainbow Nation *Unique multi-cultural character*
80% of South Africa is of black African ancestry divided among variety of ethnic groups (Bantu)
Integral to its national identity (World Cup)

5. Conflicts arose as Europeans took interest in valuable ports & resources

6. Including Gold, Diamonds, and Copper

7. Republic of South Africa *Located at southern tip of Africa*

8. Following Boer Wars
British Parliament passed South Africa Act 1909 granting independence & creating South Africa
Also passed Natives' Land Act restricting the ownership of land by blacks to only 7% of nation

9. Similar to Reservations
* Deprived of citizenship
* Assigned a “homeland”
* Supposed autonomous
- called Bantustans

10. National Party in control *Combination of British & Dutch interests*
Strengthened racial segregation already in place
Classified all peoples into race groupings and developed rights & limitations (where could live, work, travel, etc…) for each grouping
White minority (10%) maintains control of the much larger black majority (85%)

11. To maintain control & get Africans to work in mines & on farms – whites had townships for Blacks to live = Apartheid

12. Apartheid - legally institutionalized Segregation
Blatant racial policies that oppressed civil rights
White (Afrikaners) enjoyed highest standard of living - compared to most Western nations … even in Britain or the USA
Black majority remain disadvantaged including: income, education, housing, & life expectancy

13. Townships Apartheid = Afrikaans word meaning apartness
Residential areas segregated on basis of race
- 3.5 mil Black Africans were removed from homes & forced into segregation

14. Similar to Segregation in USA
* Education, medical care, markets, restaurants, and all public services
- divided by Race
* Services for Blacks were
- far inferior to whites

15. 1960s
Apartheid – like Segregation in USA became increasingly controversial
- Some Western nations began to boycott doing business with South Africa
However … South Africa’s government passes
Suppression of Communism Act
- banning any party linked to Communism

16. Resistance Movements African National Congress (ANC) formed to resist
- leaders proposed that white authority could only be overthrown thru mass, public campaigns
*Nelson Mandela & Bishop Desmond Tutu
Program of Action = planned civil disobedience
- series of popular protests, strikes, & uprisings
- Sharpeville …

17. Banning
Anyone who opposed government policy risked being labelled as Communist (threat to Society)
Met with banning opposition & imprisoning of anti-apartheid leaders

18. Militarization Protests/Strikes spread & became more effective
State organizations (Police & National Guard) respond with repression (smack down) & violence

19. Black Consciousness
Anti-Apartheid activist movement emerging in South Africa after jailings/bannings of ANC and Pan Africanist Congress leadership (Sharpeville)
Movement for political consciousness (awareness)
- Rooted in Christianity (Anglican Church)
- lead of Bishops Robert Taylor & Desmond Tutu

20. Leadership of Steven Biko
Empowerment & Mobilization
- Young people & Urban
Non-violent Civil Disobedience
- mass demonstrations
- Soweto Student
Slogan: “Black is Beautiful”

21. Fall of 1989 *same year as Fall of Berlin Wall*
National Party (Apartheid) leader Botha suffers stroke & has to step down as President
- Replaced by more conservative F.W. de Klerk
Debate legalizing opposition political parties – including ANC and possibility of freeing prisoners including Mandela

22. Spring, 1994
ANC candidate Mandela wins over-whelming (62%) victory in national elections = new President despite SA Press campaigning against
Enacts Reconstruction & Development Program
- build million houses in five years
- introduce universal free education
- extend access to water & electricity

23. Mandela’s Presidency Works to establish a multicultural democracy
- Constitution NOT favoring Majority Rule
Reconciliation as primary job - “Rainbow Nation”
- Truth & Reconciliation Commission
Reassure South Africa's white population they’re protected (economy) & represented (government)

24. Rainbow Nation
Broad coalitions in Gov – including former National Party officials as Cabinet Members
Land Restitution & Skills Development Acts
Encouraged black South Africans to join & support national rugby team (Springboks)
South Africa hosted 1995 Rugby World Cup