1. QUESTION: HOW WILL WE USE CRUDE IN 1,000 YEARS’ TIME?
5000BC India Afghanistan Pakistan
Crop baskets lined with bitumen
Waterproof Adhesive
3000BC Mesopotamia
Shipbuilding
Waterproof baths and drains
2000BC
Babylon, Iraq
Construction of walls and towers
3100BC – 300BC Ancient Egypt
mūmmiyah - bitumen
7th C. Japan
‘burning water’
Lighting and heating
8th C. Iraq
Baghdad roads paved with tar from seeps of the Euphrates
9th C. Iraq Distillation described by Persian alchemist al-Razi
10th C. Arab geographers wrote about Azerbaijan oil fields.
1088 China
石油 coined term Shíyóu ‘rock oil’
12th C. Distillation became available in Western Europe through Islamic Spain
13th C.
Marco Polo described Azerbaijan output as hundreds of shiploads
17th C. Alsace, France Fractional distillation in use
1853 Poland
World’s first commercial oil well was drilled

2. introduction lesson 4.7 organic chemistry
Learning outcomes: Recognise substances as alkanes given their formulae in these forms. (4-6) Explain how fractional distillation works in terms of evaporation and condensation. (7-9)
4.7.1 carbon compounds as fuels and feedstock

3. Learning outcomes: Recognise substances as alkanes given their formulae in these forms. (4-6) Explain how fractional distillation works in terms of evaporation and condensation. (7-9)
What is crude oil?
It is a finite resource that is no longer being replaced, found in rocks.
the remains of ancient biomass consisting mainly of plankton buried in mud.
a mixture of a very large number of compounds.

4. crude oil, hydrocarbons and alkanes
Learning outcomes: Recognise substances as alkanes given their formulae in these forms. (4-6) Explain how fractional distillation works in terms of evaporation and condensation. (7-9)
crude oil, hydrocarbons and alkanes
COMPOUNDS IN CRUDE OIL
HYDROCARBON MOLECULES – MOLECULES MADE UP OF
HYDROGEN AND CARBON ATOMS ONLY
ALKANE HYDROCARBON MOLECULES
METHANE
ETHANE
PROPANE
BUTANE
FOR EVERY CARBON ATOM IN AN ALKANE THERE
ARE TWICE THE NUMBER OF HYDROGEN ATOMS, PLUS TWO MORE.
THE GENERAL FORMULA FOR ALKANES IS
CnH2n+2

5. crude oil, hydrocarbons and alkanes
Learning outcomes: Recognise substances as alkanes given their formulae in these forms. (4-6) Explain how fractional distillation works in terms of evaporation and condensation. (7-9)
crude oil, hydrocarbons and alkanes
ALKANE HYDROCARBON MOLECULES
METHANE
ETHANE
PROPANE
BUTANE
FOR EVERY CARBON ATOM IN AN ALKANE THERE
ARE TWICE THE NUMBER OF HYDROGEN ATOMS, PLUS TWO MORE.
THE GENERAL FORMULA FOR ALKANES IS
CnH2n+2

6. PROGRESS CHECK – WHITEBOARDS READY!
Learning outcomes: Recognise substances as alkanes given their formulae in these forms. (4-6) Explain how fractional distillation works in terms of evaporation and condensation. (7-9)
PROGRESS CHECK – WHITEBOARDS READY!
(a) Explain why the formula for the next one in the series is C5H12
THE extra carbon GIVES five carbon atoms IN TOTAL. USING the general formula for alkanes, if we double five and then add two, it gives us a total of 12 hydrogen atoms.
(b) Predict the formula for the alkane that has eight carbon atoms
C8H18
  

7. Useful Products from crude oil
Learning outcomes: Recognise substances as alkanes given their formulae in these forms. (4-6) Explain how fractional distillation works in terms of evaporation and condensation. (7-9)
Useful Products from crude oil
CRUDE OIL STOCKS ARE BEING USED UP. CAN YOU SUGGEST ONE IMPACT THIS WILL HAVE ON FUELS, FEEDSTOCK AND PETROCHEMICALS?
The mixture of oils in crude oil can be changed to provide us with:
fuels we use every day for cars and planes
Feedstock needed to make many useful petrochemicals on which modern life depends
Car fuels
Plane fuels
Medicines
Solvents, lubricants, detergents
Crude oil
Synthetic polymers and dyes
Plastics
Chemical industry

8. Task: Modelling Fractional distillation
Learning outcomes: Recognise substances as alkanes given their formulae in these forms. (4-6) Explain how fractional distillation works in terms of evaporation and condensation. (7-9)
Task: Modelling Fractional distillation
IN THE BAG, YOU WILL FIND pipe cleaners. Like hydrocarbon molecules in crude oil, Some are longer than others. The CHALLENGE IS SIMPLE: ARE YOU THE GROUP THAT IS ABLE TO SORT THEM IN THE FASTEST TIME? Questions on your sheet: Which pipe cleaners are easier to separate? Which are hard to separate? Which pipe cleaners require the least energy for separation? Which pipe cleaners require the most energy for separation? STRETCH AND CHALLENGE: apply what you learn to molecules – why are some Molecules in crude oil more DIFFICULT to separate out than others?

9. TASK: Modelling Fractional distillation
Learning outcomes: Recognise substances as alkanes given their formulae in these forms. (4-6) Explain how fractional distillation works in terms of evaporation and condensation. (7-9)
TASK: Modelling Fractional distillation
Easiest to separate: short LENGTH fraction medium LENGTH fraction Hardest to separate: long LENGTH fraction Pipe cleaners that required the least energy to be separated: short LENGTH Pipe cleaners that required the most energy to be separated: long LENGTH Like pipe cleaners, hydrocarbons have weak attractive forces towards one another. The longer the chains, the greater the number of THESE weak forces between each molecule. When a fraction reaches its boiling point, each molecule overcomes these forces and separate out from one another. longer chain molecules have more weak attractive forces to overcome, and therefore have higher boiling points than short ones.
GRADE 9: EXPLAIN THE PROCESS OF FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION IN TERMS OF INTERMOLECULAR FORCES OF ATTRACTION

10. Fractional distillation
Learning outcomes: Recognise substances as alkanes given their formulae in these forms. (4-6) Explain how fractional distillation works in terms of evaporation and condensation. (7-9)
Fractional distillation
fractional distillation separates The many hydrocarbons in crude oil into ‘fractions’ – think, mathematics! each fraction contains molecules with a similar number of carbon atoms. Stage 1: heat crude oil at the bottom of a tower called a fractionating column. The column has a temperature gradient; hotter at the bottom, colder at the Top. Most fractions boil. hot gases rise due to convection.

11. Fractional distillation
Learning outcomes: Recognise substances as alkanes given their formulae in these forms. (4-6) Explain how fractional distillation works in terms of evaporation and condensation. (7-9)
Fractional distillation
Stage 2: The Longer the hydrocarbon, the higher the boiling point. If a fraction’s gas molecules land on a surface at a temperature that is warmer than its boiling point, They boil off immediately and continue to rise up as a gas. However, If a fraction’s gas molecules land on a surface at a temperature cooler than its boiling point, they condense and form a liquid. This allows fractions to collect at different heights inside the tower – The longer the hydrocarbons are, the lower they condense.

12. Fractional distillation
Learning outcomes: Recognise substances as alkanes given their formulae in these forms. (4-6) Explain how fractional distillation works in terms of evaporation and condensation. (7-9)
Fractional distillation
Fractions with high boiling points, such as heating oils and heavy fuel oils, boil but then condense first and exit near the bottom of the tower. Bitumen has such a high boiling point that it does not boil at all and sinks as a thick liquid to the bottom of the tower. This fraction is used to make tar for road surfaces.
Heating oil
Fuel oils
Bitumen residue

13. Fractional distillation
Learning outcomes: Recognise substances as alkanes given their formulae in these forms. (4-6) Explain how fractional distillation works in terms of evaporation and condensation. (7-9)
Fractional distillation
Fractions with slightly higher boiling points, such as petrol, paraffin and diesel, boil and stay as a gas until they reach a point in the tower where it is cold enough that they condense.
Petrol
Paraffin
Diesel

14. Fractional distillation
Learning outcomes: Recognise substances as alkanes given their formulae in these forms. (4-6) Explain how fractional distillation works in terms of evaporation and condensation. (7-9)
Fractional distillation
Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG)
Fractions such as liquid petroleum gas (LPG) Have low boiling points; they are the smallest hydrocarbons. They stay as gases and exit at the top of the tower.

15. Learning outcomes: Recognise substances as alkanes given their formulae in these forms. (4-6) Explain how fractional distillation works in terms of evaporation and condensation. (7-9)
WHITEBOARDS READY! PAIR EACH LETTER WITH THE CORRECT NUMBER. LET’S DO [A] FIRST… A
Crude oil can be separated by… 1
…boiling. B
Molecules in different fractions of hydrocarbons have different numbers… 2
…of carbon atoms and so have different chain lengths. C
Weak forces between molecules are broken during… 3
…separate from each other as molecules of gas. D
When a liquid boils, the molecules gain enough energy to… 4
…fractional distillation. E
A heavy fraction like bitumen has a large number of weak attractive forces between each molecule… 5
…its gas condenses to form a liquid. F
Shorter chain fractions have lower boiling points than longer chain fraction, as there are fewer… 6
… which require more energy to separate them out from each other, thus elevating the boiling point. G
At the boiling point of a substance, its liquid will boil to form a gas at the same temperature as… 7
…weak forces of attraction between molecules and less energy transfer is needed to separate them.

16. Answer: 4 Next up: B A Crude oil can be separated by… 1 …boiling. B
Learning outcomes: Recognise substances as alkanes given their formulae in these forms. (4-6) Explain how fractional distillation works in terms of evaporation and condensation. (7-9)
Answer: 4 Next up: B A
Crude oil can be separated by… 1
…boiling. B
Molecules in different fractions of hydrocarbons have different numbers… 2
…of carbon atoms and so have different chain lengths. C
Weak forces between molecules are broken during… 3
…separate from each other as molecules of gas. D
When a liquid boils, the molecules gain enough energy to… 4
…fractional distillation. E
A heavy fraction like bitumen has a large number of weak attractive forces between each molecule… 5
…its gas condenses to form a liquid. F
Shorter chain fractions have lower boiling points than longer chain fraction, as there are fewer… 6
… which require more energy to separate them out from each other, thus elevating the boiling point. G
At the boiling point of a substance, its liquid will boil to form a gas at the same temperature as… 7
…weak forces of attraction between molecules and less energy transfer is needed to separate them.

17. Answer: 2 Next up: C A Crude oil can be separated by… 1 …boiling. B
Learning outcomes: Recognise substances as alkanes given their formulae in these forms. (4-6) Explain how fractional distillation works in terms of evaporation and condensation. (7-9)
Answer: 2 Next up: C A
Crude oil can be separated by… 1
…boiling. B
Molecules in different fractions of hydrocarbons have different numbers… 2
…of carbon atoms and so have different chain lengths. C
Weak forces between molecules are broken during… 3
…separate from each other as molecules of gas. D
When a liquid boils, the molecules gain enough energy to… 4
…fractional distillation. E
A heavy fraction like bitumen has a large number of weak attractive forces between each molecule… 5
…its gas condenses to form a liquid. F
Shorter chain fractions have lower boiling points than longer chain fraction, as there are fewer… 6
… which require more energy to separate them out from each other, thus elevating the boiling point. G
At the boiling point of a substance, its liquid will boil to form a gas at the same temperature as… 7
…weak forces of attraction between molecules and less energy transfer is needed to separate them.

18. Answer: 1 Next up: D A Crude oil can be separated by… 1 …boiling. B
Learning outcomes: Recognise substances as alkanes given their formulae in these forms. (4-6) Explain how fractional distillation works in terms of evaporation and condensation. (7-9)
Answer: 1 Next up: D A
Crude oil can be separated by… 1
…boiling. B
Molecules in different fractions of hydrocarbons have different numbers… 2
…of carbon atoms and so have different chain lengths. C
Weak forces between molecules are broken during… 3
…separate from each other as molecules of gas. D
When a liquid boils, the molecules gain enough energy to… 4
…fractional distillation. E
A heavy fraction like bitumen has a large number of weak attractive forces between each molecule… 5
…its gas condenses to form a liquid. F
Shorter chain fractions have lower boiling points than longer chain fraction, as there are fewer… 6
… which require more energy to separate them out from each other, thus elevating the boiling point. G
At the boiling point of a substance, its liquid will boil to form a gas at the same temperature as… 7
…weak forces of attraction between molecules and less energy transfer is needed to separate them.

19. Answer: 3 Next up: E A Crude oil can be separated by… 1 …boiling. B
Learning outcomes: Recognise substances as alkanes given their formulae in these forms. (4-6) Explain how fractional distillation works in terms of evaporation and condensation. (7-9)
Answer: 3 Next up: E A
Crude oil can be separated by… 1
…boiling. B
Molecules in different fractions of hydrocarbons have different numbers… 2
…of carbon atoms and so have different chain lengths. C
Weak forces between molecules are broken during… 3
…separate from each other as molecules of gas. D
When a liquid boils, the molecules gain enough energy to… 4
…fractional distillation. E
A heavy fraction like bitumen has a large number of weak attractive forces between each molecule… 5
…its gas condenses to form a liquid. F
Shorter chain fractions have lower boiling points than longer chain fraction, as there are fewer… 6
… which require more energy to separate them out from each other, thus elevating the boiling point. G
At the boiling point of a substance, its liquid will boil to form a gas at the same temperature as… 7
…weak forces of attraction between molecules and less energy transfer is needed to separate them.

20. Answer: 6 Next up: F A Crude oil can be separated by… 1 …boiling. B
Learning outcomes: Recognise substances as alkanes given their formulae in these forms. (4-6) Explain how fractional distillation works in terms of evaporation and condensation. (7-9)
Answer: 6 Next up: F A
Crude oil can be separated by… 1
…boiling. B
Molecules in different fractions of hydrocarbons have different numbers… 2
…of carbon atoms and so have different chain lengths. C
Weak forces between molecules are broken during… 3
…separate from each other as molecules of gas. D
When a liquid boils, the molecules gain enough energy to… 4
…fractional distillation. E
A heavy fraction like bitumen has a large number of weak attractive forces between each molecule… 5
…its gas condenses to form a liquid. F
Shorter chain fractions have lower boiling points than longer chain fraction, as there are fewer… 6
… which require more energy to separate them out from each other, thus elevating the boiling point. G
At the boiling point of a substance, its liquid will boil to form a gas at the same temperature as… 7
…weak forces of attraction between molecules and less energy transfer is needed to separate them.

21. Answer: 7 Thank you for learning!
Learning outcomes: Recognise substances as alkanes given their formulae in these forms. (4-6) Explain how fractional distillation works in terms of evaporation and condensation. (7-9)
Answer: 7 Thank you for learning! A
Crude oil can be separated by… 1
…boiling. B
Molecules in different fractions of hydrocarbons have different numbers… 2
…of carbon atoms and so have different chain lengths. C
Weak forces between molecules are broken during… 3
…separate from each other as molecules of gas. D
When a liquid boils, the molecules gain enough energy to… 4
…fractional distillation. E
A heavy fraction like bitumen has a large number of weak attractive forces between each molecule… 5
…its gas condenses to form a liquid. F
Shorter chain fractions have lower boiling points than longer chain fraction, as there are fewer… 6
… which require more energy to separate them out from each other, thus elevating the boiling point. G
At the boiling point of a substance, its liquid will boil to form a gas at the same temperature as… 7
…weak forces of attraction between molecules and less energy transfer is needed to separate them.

22. Learning outcomes: Recognise substances as alkanes given their formulae in these forms. (4-6) Explain how fractional distillation works in terms of evaporation and condensation. (7-9)
THANK YOU FOR LEARNING!
Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG)
Petrol
Paraffin
Diesel
Heating oil
Fuel oils
Bitumen residue