INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY

INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY
ELECTRICITY IS BASICALLY THE FLOW OF ELECTRONS

DC MEANS ELECTRONS FLOW IN ONLY ONE DIRECTION, POSITIVE TO NEGATIVE FOR ENGINEERS (HOLES ARE MOVING RATHER THAN ELECTRONS), NEGATIVE TO POSITIVE FOR PHYSICISTS.

AC MEANS ELECTRONICS FLOW BACK AND FORTH FROM ONE SIDE TO ANOTHER. THEREFORE, AC DOES NOT HAVE POLARITY

ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRONICS ARE TWO ENTIRELY DIFFERENT FIELDS

PEOPLE WHO STUDY ELECTRICITY DEAL PRIMARILY WITH HOW TO EFFECTIVELY MANIPULATE AND TRANSFER ENERGY FROM ONE PLACE TO ANOTHER

PEOPLE WHO STUDY ELECTRONICS DEAL PRIMARILY WITH HOW TO EFFECTIVELY MANIPULATE AND TRANSFER SIGNAL FROM ONE PLACE TO ANOTHER

BUILDING ROBOTS FOCUSES ON ELECTRONICS MORE THAN ELECTRICITY

5 BASIC ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS VOLTAGE SOURCE, CURRENT SOURCE, RESISTOR, CAPACITOR AND INDUCTOR

ALL OTHER COMPONENTS ARE DERIVED OR CAN BE REPRESENTED BY THESE BASIC COMPONENTS. IN CIRCUIT ANALYSIS, THIS IS CALLED MODELING.

VOLTAGE SOURCE A IDEAL VOLTAGE SOURCE HAS A CONSTANT VOLTAGE OUTPUT WITH 0 INTERNAL RESISTANCE.

VOLTAGE SOURCE A REAL VOLTAGE SOURCE CAN BE REPRESENTED BY A IDEAL VOLTAGE SOURCE PLUS AN INTERNAL RESISTANCE IN SERIES.

VOLTAGE SOURCE BATTERY, DC POWER SUPPLY ARE EXAMPLES OF VOLTAGE SOURCES

CURRENT SOURCE AN IDEAL CURRENT SOURCE HAS A CONSTANT CURRENT OUTPUT WITH INFINITE INTERNAL RESISTANCE.

CURRENT SOURCE A REAL CURRENT SOURCE CAN BE REPRESENTED BY AN IDEAL CURRENT SOURCE PLUS AN INTERNAL RESISTANCE IN PARALLEL.

CURRENT SOURCE BATTERY CHARGERS ARE EXAMPLES OF VOLTAGE-CONTROLLED CURRENT SOURCES.

RESISTOR RESISTOR PROVIDES RESISTANCE TO CURRENT FLOW.

RESISTOR IT DROPS VOLTAGE WITH RESPECT TO RESISTANCE IF CURRENT IS CONSTANT OR WITH RESPECT TO CURRENT IF RESISTANCE IS CONSTANT.

RESISTOR USES: CURRENT LIMITING, VOLTAGE DIVIDING

RESISTOR IF USED IN SERIES, R1 + R2 + R3….

RESISTOR IF USED IN PARALLEL,1/(1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3…)

CAPACITOR CAPACITOR STORES CHARGE OR ENERGY IN FORM OF AN ELECTRIC FIELD.

CAPACITOR THERE IS NO SUDDEN CHANGE OF VOLTAGE IN A CAPACITOR, IT IS CHANGED OVER TIME

CAPACITOR USES: DC BLOCKING, BYPASSING, VOLTAGE FILTERING, TUNING AND COMPENSATING

CAPACITOR IF USED IN SERIES, 1/(1/C1 + 1/C2 + 1/C3…)

CAPACITOR IF USED IN PARALLEL, C1 + C2 + C3….

INDUCTOR INDUCTOR STORES CURRENT OR ENERGY IN FORM OF MAGNETIC FIELD

INDUCTOR THERE IS NO SUDDEN CHANGE OF CURRENT IN A INDUCTOR, IT IS CHANGED OVER TIME

INDUCTOR USES: AC BLOCKING, CURRENT FILTERING, TUNING

INDUCTOR IF USED IN SERIES, L1 + L2 + L3….

INDUCTOR IF USED IN PARALLEL, 1/(1/L1 + 1/L2 + 1/L3…)

INDUCTOR BECAUSE INDUCTORS ARE COILS, THEY CAUSE MUTUAL INDUCTANCE, THEREFORE THIS FORMULA IS FOR AN IDEAL SITUATION WHERE THEY ARE PLACED INFINITELY FAR APART. IN MANUFACTURING OF CIRCUITS, MUTUAL INDUCTANCE MUST BE CALCULATED AND ADDED INTO THE EQUATION

AC FALLS INTO THE CATEGORY OF ELECTRICITY AND WAS ONLY COVERED BRIEFLY .

IN DC CIRCUITS: IF A RESISTOR IS PLACED IN SERIES WITH THE CIRCUIT, IT CREATES RESISTANCE

IN DC CIRCUITS: IF A CAPACITOR IS PLACED IN SERIES WITH THE CIRCUIT, IT ONLY LETS CURRENT FLOW FOR A WHILE, THEN IT STOPS. THIS TIME IS DETERMINED BY THE CAPACITANCE OR THE RC TIME CONSTANT.

IN DC CIRCUITS: IF AN INDUCTOR IS PLACED IN SERIES WITH THE CIRCUIT, IT RESISTS CURRENT FLOW ONLY FOR A BRIEF MOMENT, THEN IT LETS CURRENT FLOW THROUGH COMPLETELY, THE MOMENT IS DETERMINED BY THE INDUCTANCE OR THE RL TIME CONSTANT.

IN AC CIRCUITS, RESISTORS STILL BEHAVE THE SAME, BUT CAPACITORS AND INDUCTORS ARE DIFFERENT FROM HOW THEY BEHAVE INSIDE DC CIRCUITS.

IN AC CIRCUITS CAPACITORS NO LONGER BLOCK THE CURRENT COMPLETELY, INSTEAD, THEY ONLY BLOCK A PART OF THE CURRENT, THEREFORE CAUSING RESISTANCE

IN AC CIRCUITS INDUCTORS NO LONGER LET CURRENT PASS THROUGH COMPLETELY, INSTEAD THEY RESIST A LITTLE BIT, THEREFORE CAUSING RESISTANCE

IN AC CIRCUITS RESISTANCE CAUSED BY RESISTORS, CAPACITORS AND INDUCTORS TOGETHER IS CALLED IMPEDANCE. IN AC CIRCUITS, THE TERM IMPEDANCE IS USED TO REPRESENT THE TOTAL RESISTANCE OF THE CIRCUIT

DIODE DIODES ARE MADE WITH A P-TYPE SEMICONDUCTOR (MORE HOLES THAN ELECTRONS) AND A N-TYPE SEMICONDUCTOR (MORE ELECTRONS THAN HOLES)

DIODE CURRENT CAN ONLY FLOW FROM P TO N (ASSUME IDEAL CURRENT). THEREFORE, DIODE ONLY CONDUCTS CURRENT IN ONLY ONE DIRECTION BUT NOT THE OTHER.

DIODE IMAGINE DIODE AS A BUILDING DOOR THAT ONLY OPENS IN ONE DIRECTION. IF YOU ARE “FORWARD BIAS” (THE CORRECT DIRECTION), THE DOOR OPENS, BUT IF YOU ARE “REVERSE BIAS” (THE WRONG DIRECTION), THE DOOR DOES NOT OPEN. UNLESS YOU APPLY BRUTAL FORCE (VERY HIGH VOLTAGE), THEN THE DOOR WILL BREAK (JUNCTION BREAKDOWN), AND DIODES DO CONDUCT IN THESE EXTREME CONDITIONS.

APPLICATIONS FOR DIODES INCLUDE BRIDGE RECTIFIERS WHICH CONVERT AC INTO DC, HALF WAVE RECTIFIER ONLY PASSES HALF OF THE SINE WAVE AND BLOCKS THE NEGATIVE HALF. FULL WAVE RECTIFIER BRINGS THE NEGATIVE HALF UP AND MAKE IT POSITIVE.

APPLICATIONS FOR DIODES ARE USED AS BRIDGE RECTIFIERS, MATHEMATICALLY THEY CAN BE USED TO TAKE THE ABSOLUTE VALUE, LOGICALLY, THEY CAN BE USED TO PERFORM WIRED OR

DO NOT CONFUSE DIODES WITH ZENER DIODES AS SOME OF YOU MIGHT SEE IN CIRCUITS.

WHILE DIODES ARE DESIGNED TO BE USED IN FORWARD BIAS, ZENER DIODES ARE DESIGNED TO BE USED IN REVERSE BIAS ONLY

ZENER DIODES ARE USED TO REGULATE VOLTAGE AND SET A VOLTAGE REFERENCE FOR SOME INTEGRATED CIRCUITS.

INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
TRANSISTORS THEY ARE THE CORE OF ANALOG ELECTRONICS. THEY ARE VERY HARD TO UNDERSTAND

TRANSISTORS TRANSISTOR CALCULATIONS INVOLVE HEAVY MATH ESPECIALLY WHEN DEALING WITH OPERATING POINTS AND H PARAMETERS

TRANSISTORS CAN BE USED AND CONFIGURED IN MANY WAYS SUCH AS SWITCHES, VOLTAGE AMPLIFIER, CURRENT AMPLIFIER…

TRANSISTORS THEY ARE NON-LINEAR THEY HAVE A VERY SMALL LINEAR REGION

INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY TRANSISTORS
TRANSISTORS WILL START CONDUCTING WHEN BASE INPUT VOLTAGE EXCEEDS 0.7 V. WE SAY THE TRANSISTOR IS “TURNED ON”. WHEN FULLY CONDUCTING, IT DROPS AROUND 0.25 V.

WHEN TRANSISTOR BASE INPUT VOLTAGE DROPS BELOW 0.7 V. WE SAY THE TRANSISTOR IS “TURNED OFF”.

TRANSISTORS WORKING IN SWITCH MODE ARE EITHER IN SATURATION (MAX CURRENT) OR CUT-OFF (NO CURRENT) BOTH OF THESE MODES HAVE POWER DISSIPATION OF 0

TRANSISTOR SWITCHES IDEALLY: IN SATURATION, CURRENT IS MAX BUT VOLTAGE DROP IS 0, THEREFORE P = IV, P = I * 0 = 0 IN CUT-OFF, CURRENT IS 0 BUT VOLTAGE IS MAX, THEREFORE P = IV, P = 0 * V = 0

TRANSISTORS USE LITTLE POWER WHEN THEY ARE USED AS SWITCHES. (NOTE: ONE IMPORTANT THING, THIS IS ONLY TRUE WHEN THE FREQUENCY IS LOW, AT HIGH FREQUENCY THEY CONSUME NOTICEABLE AMOUNT OF POWER EVEN IN SWITCH MODE. THIS IS BECAUSE WHEN TRANSISTORS CHANGE FROM ONE STATE TO ANOTHER, IT HAS TO PASS THROUGH THE MIDDLE REGION WHERE POWER IS CONSUMED. IF THIS HAPPENS TOO FREQUENTLY, THEN POWER CONSUMPTION HUGE.)

INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY SCHOTTKY EFFECT
MANY NEW DESIGNS TRY TO REDUCE THE POWER CONSUMPTION SUCH AS THE SCHOTTKY EFFECT. IT MAKES A TRANSISTOR FIRST GO DEEP SATURATION BUT AS SOON AS IT’S THERE, IT BRINGS IT BACK TO LIGHT SATURATION SO THAT THE TRANSISTOR CAN PREPARE FOR THE JUMP. SAME THING HAPPENS TO CUT-OFF. SO IT PASSES THE MIDDLE REGION FASTER, THUS LESS POWER IS CONSUMED.

VOLTAGE AMPLIFIER TYPICAL CONNECTION: EMITTER TO GROUND, COLLECTOR HAS A COUPLING RESISTOR TO VCC (SUPPLY VOLTAGE), THEN BASE INPUT RESISTOR IS BETA TIMES MORE THAN COLLECTOR RESISTOR.

CURRENT AMPLIFIER TYPICAL CONNECTION: EMITTER TO LOAD, COLLECTOR TO SOURCE AND BASE INPUT.

EMITTER FOLLOWERS ARE CONFIGURED FROM A CURRENT AMPLIFIER, THIS WAY INPUT IMPEDANCE IS HIGH AND OUTPUT IMPEDANCE IS NOTHINGAND IT IS WIDELY USED IN OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS.

INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY SOLID STATE DEVICES
TRANSISTORS ARE SOLID STATE DEVICES SOLID STATE MEANS NO MOVING PARTS AND EVERYTHING IS ELECTRONICALLY SWITCHED.

INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY SOLID STATE DEVICES
TRANSISTORS ARE SOLID STATE DEVICES EXAMPLES: NON-SOLID STATE: SPARK GAP, HARD DRIVE, VACUUM TUBE SOLID STATE COUNTERPARTS: SCR/IGBT, COMPACT FLASH, TRANSISTORS

INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
ANALOG INTEGRATED CIRCUITS OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS (DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER)

ANALOG INTEGRATED CIRCUITS VOLTAGE REGULATOR

ANALOG INTEGRATED CIRCUITS COMPARATORS

MIXED SIGNAL INTEGRATED CIRCUITS A/D, ANALOG – DIGITAL CONVERTERS

MIXED SIGNAL INTEGRATED CIRCUITS D/A, DIGITAL – ANALOG CONVERTERS

INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY

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