1. Numeric and Functional
Spreadsheets
Numeric and Functional

2. Spreadsheet Basics A cell is the intersection of a row and column
Each cell in the spreadsheet has a name
The column-name followed by the row-name

3. Ranges A range denotes a block of cells. A range is typed as:
upper-left-cell:bottom-right-cell
For example:
A5:C7

4. Spreadsheet Basics A cell can contain one of three kinds of data
Value : yes, we’re talking about numbers
Formula : yes, we’re talking about math things
Formula are used to derive information (values or text) from already existing information (values or text)
A cell containing a formula will display the value obtained by the formula – not the formula itself!
Text : yes, we’re talking about everything else

5. Formula
A formula is a mathematical expression that combines existing data to produce a result.
Formula always begin with an ‘=‘ symbol
Formula may contain values, cell-references, operators, parenthesis, and function calls.
=10+A5
=B1+B2+B3
=C9/B2
=Max(A1:B3)+10

6. Cell References in Formula
consider the following formula
=3 + A1
What does the “A1” mean?
A1 is a “cell reference”
The value contained in cell A1 is substituted in the above expression
What if cell A1 contains a 3
=a2
=3+9
=3+a2

7. Operators 10 A5
Result +
All operators take data as input (operands) and produce a result.
Binary operators take two inputs and produce a result
Binary operators in Excel include
Addition: (+) as in =10+A5
Subtraction: (-) as in =10-A5
Multiplication: (*) as in =10*A5
Division: (/) as in =10/A5
Exponentiation: (^) as in =10^A5

8. Precedence of Operators
Question: what does the following formula produce?
= * 2 ^ 2 – 1 – 10 / 5
All operators have a precedence which determines the order of evaluation within a large formula
Addition and Subtraction have lowest precedence
Multiplication and Division have identical mid-level precedence
Exponentiation has the highest precedence
Rule for formula evaluation is:
Select the highest-precedence operator and evaluate
If two operators have the same highest-precedence, choose the left-most operator
Repeat until there are no more operators

9. Precedence of Operators
Rule for formula evaluation is:
Select the highest-precedence operator and evaluate
If two operators have the same highest-precedence, choose the left-most operator
= * 2 ^ 2 – 1 – 10 / 5
= * 4 – 1 – 10 / 5
= – 1 – 10 / 5
= – 1 – 2
=150 – 1 – 2
=149 – 2
=147

10. Precedence of Operators
Parenthesis can change the precedence:
Evaluate sub-expressions in parenthesis first and then proceed.
=( ) * 2 ^(( 4 – 1) – 10 / 5)
=45 * 2 ^ ((4-1) – 10 / 5)
=45 * 2 ^ (3 – 10 / 5)
=45 * 2 ^ (3 – 2)
=45 * 2 ^ 1
=45 * 2
=90

11. Functions Formula may also contain function calls. Function syntax is:
A function is a way of processing input to obtain output.
Excel has 100’s of built-in functions. We will discuss the most commonly used.
Function syntax is:
FUNCTION_NAME ( input1, input2, … )
Inputs are numbers, cell references, or ranges that the function needs in order to perform it’s job
The entire expression represents the function’s value (or output).

12. Functions Commonly used functions include: AVERAGE( values )
Computes the average value of the input numbers. Values is typically a range but may be a comma-separated list of items.
MAX( values )
Computes the maximum value of the input numbers. Values is typically a range but may be a comma-separated list of items.
MIN( values )
Computes the minimum value of the input numbers. Values is typically a range but may be a comma-separated list of items.
SUM( values )
Computes the sum of the input numbers. Values is typically a range but may be a comma-separated list of items.

13. What should be entered into cells
B13 to obtain classroom average for HW1?
C13 to obtain classroom average for HW2?
D13 to obtain classroom average for HW3?
E6 to obtain the total points for Britney Spears?
E13 to obtain the classroom average for all HW?
=AVERAGE(B6:B10)
=AVERAGE(C6:C10)
=AVERAGE(D6:D10)
=SUM(B6:D6)
=AVERAGE(E6:E10)
=( )/5

14. Greater than or equal to
Relational Operators
Relational operators produce logical values
There are exactly two logical values
True
False
Comparison operators are binary operators
Each operand must be a number
Operator
Meaning
<
Less than
>
Greater than =
Equal to
>=
Greater than or equal to
<=
Less than or equal to
<>
Not equal to

15. Relational Operators Relational operators produce logical values
=10 < 30
True
=30 = 30
True
=30 <> 30
False
=35 > 30
True
=A5 > B5 ??

16. Logical Functions Logical functions process logical values
There are exactly two logical values
True
False
Logical values can be combined using
Conjunction (and)
Disjunction (or)
Negation (not)

17. Logical Functions Logical functions include AND( input1, input2)
Each input value must be either true or false.
The result of the function TRUE if both inputs are true and FALSE otherwise
OR( input1, input2)
The result of the function FALSE if both inputs are false and TRUE otherwise
NOT( input )
The input must be either true or false
The result of the function is TRUE if the input is false and FALSE otherwise

18. Logical FUNCTIONS
In logical predicates, logical expressions used OPERATORS
The OR was used BETWEEN the operands
A OR B
In Excel, logical predicates are FUNCTIONS
The OR occurs BEFORE the operands
=OR( A5 > 10, B5 > 10)

19. Conditionals Often need to make decisions based on a criteria
For example: a company contributes 4% of an employees salary to health care if they are full time and makes no contribution if they are part timers.
What to enter?

20. Conditionals
The IF function is used to select exactly ONE value from exactly TWO choices
IF( criteria, ifTrue, ifFalse )
Criteria must be a logical (boolean) value
Function returns ifTrue if criteria is true and ifFalse otherwise
=IF(10>5, “YES”, “NO”)
YES
=IF(10>=20, 30, 50) 50
=IF(A5=10, B5, C5) ??

21. Conditional Example What to enter into cell E10?
=IF(B10=“PT”, 0, C10*.04)

22. Conditional Example
What to enter into cell D10 to compute the scholarship award for Britney Spears?
=IF(OR(B10>=MIN_GPA, C10>=MIN_SAT), award, 0)
=IF(OR(B10>=B5, C10>=B6), award, 0)

23. Cell References in Formula
When a cell reference occurs in a formula it may be a
RELATIVE Reference
Default
References are interpreted with respect to the containing cell
When moving/copying relative cell reference, the cell reference changes by the amount moved
ABSOLUTE Reference
Must be explicitly written (not the default)
The cell reference is always the same, even if it is moved/copied to another cell.
MIXED Reference
Either the column-part or the row-part is RELATIVE while the other part in ABSOLUTE

24. Cell Reference Example
Absolute vs. Relative
To specify absolute referencing for part of a reference, prefix the row and/or column part with a ‘$’
For each of the following cell references, identify it as absolute, mixed, or relative.
Mixed
A$3
$A3
Absolute
$A$3
Relative (default) A3
Mode
Cell Reference Example

25. Absolute vs. Relative =??+??C D E 10 11 12 13
= D10+D13 14
=B11+B14
=??+??
Using relative addressing, the formula changes when copied
For example, copy the formula from cell A14 to cell C13
The reference B11 in A14 MEANS the cell one col right and two rows up
The reference B14 in A14 MEANS the cell one col right and zero rows up
Since the MEANING is preserved when copying – the formula must change

26. Absolute vs. Relative A B C D E 10 11 12 13
= D$11+D$14 14
=B$11+B$14
=??+??
Using relative addressing, the formula changes when copied
For example, copy the formula from cell A14 to cell C13
The reference B$11 in A14 MEANS the cell one col right in row 11
The reference B$14 in A14 MEANS the cell one col right in row 14
Since the MEANING is preserved when copying – the formula must change

27. Absolute vs. Relative A B C D E 10 11 12 13
= $B10+$B13 14
=$B11+$B14
=??+??
Using relative addressing, the formula changes when copied
For example, copy the formula from cell A14 to cell C13
The reference $B11 in A14 MEANS the cell in col B 3 rows up
The reference $B14 in A14 MEANS the cell in col B in the same row
Since the MEANING is preserved when copying – the formula must change

28. Using Relative References
Most times, a formula will be copied into a large number of adjacent cells in order to fill a spreadsheet.
Complete the “Cost to Coop”, “Revenue Amount”, and “Item Profit” columns below!
Select the pink-highlighted range and copy to the green highlighted area.

29. Use of Relative References
All cell entries end up being altered in the desired (row-oriented) manner