1. Stronger Together: The Cross-Cultural Coalition to Stop Fossil Fuel Exports in the Salish Sea
Maggie Allen
University of Washington
School of Marine and Environmental Affairs

2. The “4-C’s” Framework of Human Wellbeing
Connections
Culture & Identity
Social Relationships
Tangible Connections to Nature
Intangible Connections to Nature
Conditions
Environment
Economy
Safety
Health
Capabilities
Livelihood & Activities
Knowledge & Technology
Freedom & Voice
Governance & Management
Cross-Cutting
Equity & Justice
Security & Resilience
Sustainability
being with others and the environment
human needs are met
can act meaningfully to pursue goals

3. The Pacific Northwest as the Fossil Gateway

4. Gateway Pacific Terminal

6. Research Question
How movements like this form, and how goals and desired outcomes differ between the groups
How can this coalition and their policy tools help the Lummi improve their self-determination?
By examining the coalition in depth using academic frameworks, I will gain a better understanding of how power is balanced within the coalition and why and how the Lummi Nation formed alliances to enact change. This will also highlight issues of environmental justice within the policy process and social movements.

7. Reasons for involvement
Lummi
Self-determination
Cultural connection to land and fishing
Environmental groups
Climate change
Conservation
Environmental justice
Faith-based groups
Social justice and human rights
Climate change and health

8. Advocacy Coalition Framework

9. Coalition Tools Lummi Environmental groups Faith-based groups
Treaty rights as legal tool
Symbolic protests (Totem Pole Journey and check burning)
Collaborating with other tribes
Letters to the Army Corps asking for rejection
Environmental groups
Hosting forums and workshops
Comments for EIS scoping process and to Congress and Army Corps
Connecting community
Faith-based groups
Political influence
Communications and organizing ability
Host events and help people mobilize

10. Methodology Interviews—snowball sample Participant observation
Media Review
Data Analysis
Grounded theory
Keywords and themes
Using ACF to code

11. Core Beliefs Beliefs Lummi Religious Groups Environmental Groups
Deep Core
Sacredness of land and fishing
Importance of spirituality for human well-being
Environmentalism (ecosystem preservation)
Policy Core
Climate change and human health
Environmental justice/human rights
Environmental justice
Secondary
Priority of economic development
Priority of environmental conservation
Priority of tribal sovereignty and fisheries

12. The Five Aspects of the Coalition
Resources
Environmental Groups
Faith-based groups
Lummi Nation
Finances x
Leadership ability X
Access to power
People: x
Political: x
Legal: x
Access to scientific information
Develops partnerships with scientists
Members that can mobilize
Especially national organizations, like the Sierra Club

13. “Together, we can undo all this colonial historical trauma”
“[The Lummi] have the legal and moral ability and stance, and we can support that by spreading it out to the larger community.”
“Together, we can undo all this colonial historical trauma”
“If the environmentalists and tribes gather to try to do the right thing, I think we can beat them.”

14. Importance and Future Work
Explores power asymmetry and policy process in a coalition between tribal/nontribal groups, which has not been done a lot
Encourages moving towards equitable energy solutions that neither invoke treaty rights nor harms the marine environment
Constantly evolving issue—need to continue to work with it to see how coalition evolves after decision is made
Continue to explore these coalitions using other theories such as Social Movement Theory
Continue to work with transboundary issues and other NGOs to address many issues facing the Salish Sea and indigenous communities
Although in the past, these organizations have often disadvantaged indigenous communities, issues like the proposed Gateway Pacific Terminal have the potential to unite these historically opposing groups.
Although the outcome of the decision is yet to be determined, the coalition has been successful at developing a strong alliance between tribal and nontribal groups
The outcome of the decision is yet to be determined, and the complex issue is constantly developing. However, it is clear that the coalition to fight the GPT has been successful at developing a strong alliance between faith-based groups, environmental organizations, and indigenous tribes

15. Works cited

16. Thank you! Questions?