1. Clinical Immunology Jasmina Makarevic
ATTA-UR-RAHMAN SCHOOL OF
APPLIED BIOSCIENCES (ASAB)
Clinical Immunology Jasmina Makarevic
Fall Semester 2016

2. Autoimmune diseases
Jasmina Makarevic

3. The autoimmune diseases we looked at until now….
Haematological diseases: Haemalytica anermias
Warm haemolytic anaemias
Cold haemaolytic anaemias
Joints and Muscels: Rheumatoid arthritis
Chronic arthritis
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Thyroid diseases: Hashimoto thyroiditis
Graeves disease
Pancreas: Diabetes mellitis: Typ1 and Typ 2
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4. Neuroimmunology Normal:
The immune system participate actively in nervous tissue to counteract infection-
Cells which enter these tissues in inflammation (T and B lymphocytes as well
as macrophages)
Autoimmune Disease:
Damaging the own neuronal system!
Which diseases we will look at:
Multiple scelorosis
Mystenia gravis
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5. Multiple sclerosis (MS)
Demyelining diseases of the central nervous system
The insulating covers of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord are damaged.
It is an inflammatory disease of white matter in the central nerval system
This damage disrupts the ability of parts of the nervous
system to communicate, resulting in a wide range of signs and symptoms.
MS is common in Caucasians (1 case per 2000)
It is a hugely variable disease in term of progress, disability…
Clinical diagnosis can be difficult; clinical features depend on the site of
the pathological lesion in the brain. Many plaques are clinical silent! The rate
of new lesionsis unpredictable and also variable  It depends on the recovery
between the attacks
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6. How to diognose?
The patological lesion in MS, is a ‚plaque‘: this is an area of the white matter in which
myelin and oligodendrocytes are absent.
Myelin is a protein-phospholipid material that surrounds axons in a multilayered,
dense spiral. Myelin sheats in the CNS are formed by compacted membranes of
oligodentrocyte function
Axons without myelin sheats are poor conductors of nerve impulse.
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7. Immunopathogenesis of demyelination
In the early stage of the plaque there
is an oedema, apoptopic
oligodentrocytes and infiltrating cells.
(B- cells are involved in the local production of Ig, whilst T-cells and macrophages are involved in the acute
Inflammotory process)
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8. At a glance: Symptoms of Mutiple Sclerosis
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9. Progression of MS
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10. Mystenia gravis Autoimmune diseases of the neuromuscular junction
It is un uncommon disease
Characterized by weekness and fatigues of voluntary muscels, including those
of the eys.
The weekness results from impaired transmission from nerv to muscle at the
neuromuscular junctions.
Neurotransmission is impaired by autoantibodies to the acetylincholine
receptores in the postsynaptic membrane of the muscle
These antiodies reduce the number of receptors:
Complement-mediated lysis and
Accelerated internalization
Blocking the receptors
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11. How does it function?
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12. Symptoms at a glance
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13. Ptosis (drooping of the eyelid)
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14. Evidence that Myasthenia Gravis is an Autoimmune disease
Strong associateion with organ-specific autoimmune diseases such as
diabetes, in an individual patient
Increased incidence of organ-specific autoimmune diseases in close
family members
Thymic abnormalities, including B-cell forming follicles
Occurence of a transient form of MG in 10% of newborn babies of
myastenic mothers
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15. Immunodeficiency Primary: They may involve adaptive or
Immune response and may be permanante
(genetic) ot transiente (due to viral infection)
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16. Defects in immunity
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17. Primary Antibody deficiencies
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18. Types of Primery deficiencies
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19. B-cell maturation
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20. Outlook Deeper look into Immunodeficiency diseases Primary Secondary
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21. Thank You for Your Attention!
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