1. Prepared by: Makhina E. 341 group GMF
Semey state medical university
SIW The theme: “ The physiology of organs complying non-endocrine function with endocrine function and their influence to the organism
Prepared by: Makhina E. 341 group GMF
Semey 2015

2. Plan 1. Introduction 2. Main part 3. Conclusion 4. List of references
2.1 Pancreas
2.2 Male gonads
2.3 Female gonads
2.4 Placenta
3. Conclusion
4. List of references

3. Introduction
The endocrine system is a control system of ductless glands that secrete hormones within specific organs. Hormones act as "messengers," and are carried by the bloodstream to different cells in the body, which interpret these messages and act on them.

5. The organs of endocrine system

6. Pancreas
The pancreas is very important organ in the digestion system and the circulatory system because it helps to maintain our blood sugar levels. The pancreas is considered to be part of the gastrointestinal system.

7. Pancreas
The pancreas is about 15 cm (6 in) long. The widest section is called the head. The narrowest part is called the tail. The middle section is called the body.
The pancreas has a series of small tubes that drain into the pancreatic duct. The pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct and empties into the duodenum. The duodenum is the first part of the small intestine that receives partially digested food from the stomach, absorbs nutrients and passes digested food to the jejunum. The duodenum also receives bile (a yellow-green fluid that helps digest fat) from the liver and gallbladder.

9. Exocrine function of pancreas
The digestive juices produced by the pancreas are secreted into the duodenum via a Y-shaped duct, at the point where the common bile duct from the liver and the pancreatic duct join just before entering the duodenum. The digestive enzymes carried into the duodenum are representative of the exocrine function of the pancreas, in which specific substances are made to be passed directly into another organ.
During the day the human pancreas produces liter of juice; its pH is 7,5-8,8.

10. Ferments of digestive juice

11. Secretion of pancreatic juice

12. Endocrine function of pancreas
Several hormones participate in the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism. Four of them are secreted by the cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas: two, insulin and glucagon, with major actions on glucose metabolism and two, somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide, with modulating actions on insulin and glucagon secretion. Other hormones affecting carbohydrate metabolism include: epinephrine, thyroid hormones, glucocorticoids, and growth hormone.
* A cells produce glucagon;
* B cells produce insulin;
* D cells produce somatostatin;
* F or D1 cells produce pancreatic polypeptide.

13. Endocrine function of pancreas
These hormones are all polypeptides. Insulin is secreted only by the B cells whereas the other hormones are also secreted by the gastrointestinal mucosa and somatostatin is also found in the brain.
Both insulin and glucagon are important in the regulation of carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolism:
Insulin is an anabolic hormone, that is, it increases the storage of glucose, fatty acids and amino acids in cells and tissues.
Glucagon is a catabolic hormone, that is, it mobilizes glucose, fatty acids and amino acids from stores into the blood.
Somatostatin may regulate, locally, the secretion of the other pancreatic hormones; in brain (hypothalamus) and spinal cord it may act as a neurohormone and neurotransmitter. The function and origin of pancreatic polypeptide are still uncertain although the hormone may influence gastrointestinal function and promote intra-islet homeostasis.

14. Insulin

15. Glucagon

16. Gonads
The Sex organs (Gonads) are the testes in the male, and the ovaries in the female. Both of these organs produce and secrete hormones that are balanced by the hypothalamus and pituitary glands

18. Male
Interstitial cells of testis (Leydig cells) produce male hormones. All the sex hormones and steroids are synthesized from the same precursor – cholesterol.

19. Testosterone

20. Female
Produced in female gonads – ovaries, during pregnancy - in the placenta, and also in small quantities by the Sertoli cells of the testes in males. In the ovarian follicles the synthesis of estrogen, the corpus luteum of the ovary produces progesterone.
Estrogens are estrone, estradiol and estriol. The greatest physiological activity has estradiol.
Estrogens stimulate the development of the primary and secondary female sexual characteristics.
Under their influence, there is a growth of ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes, vagina, and vulva, enhanced the proliferation of the endometrium.

21. Estrogen

22. Progesterone
When ovulation in the corpus luteum of the ovary produces the hormone - progesterone
The main function of progesterone - preparation of the endometrium for implantation of the fertilized ovum and maintenance of normal pregnancy.
During pregnancy, progesterone along with estrogen causes morphological reorganization in the uterus and mammary glands, strengthening the processes of proliferation and secretory activity. As a result, secret endometrial glands increase glycogen and lipid concentrations necessary for embryo development.
The hormone inhibits ovulation.
In nonpregnant women, progesterone is involved in regulating the menstrual cycle.
Progesterone increases the basal metabolic rate and increases the basal body temperature, which is used in practice to determine the time of ovulation.
Progesterone has antialdosterone effect.
Concentrations of particular female sex hormones in the blood plasma depending on the phase of the menstrual cycle.

23. Placenta Placenta is a temporary body formed during pregnancy.
It provides a link of fetus with the mother: controls the supply of oxygen and nutrients, removal of harmful waste products. The placenta serves as barrier function, protecting the fetus from harmful substances.
To the 16th week of pregnancy, the corpus luteum in the ovary is almost extinguished. All the care of the hormonal production took over the placenta. It provides the child's body needs proteins and hormones.

24. Hormones of placenta
progesterone, estrogen precursors, human chorionic gonadotropin, chorionic growth hormone, chorionic thyrotropin, adrenocor ticotropic hormone, oxytocin. relaxin.
provide a normal pregnancy.
The most studied human chorionic gonadotropin.
The hormone has an effect on the differentiation and development of the fetus and the mother metabolism:
  retains water and salts,
 It stimulates the production of antidiuretic hormone, and he has antidiuretic

25. Conclusion
Endocrine system - the system of regulation of the internal organs through hormones secreted by endocrine cells directly into the blood, or diffusing through the intercellular space in the adjacent cells. Mixed endocrine and exocrine glands are the pancreas, ovaries and testes they produce hormones but are also involved in other roles.

26. List of references