1. Color Coding the Periodic Table of Elements
Ms. Nail’s 7th & 8th Grade Science

2. We are about to get started on the Lesson…
But First…
Let me tell some JOKES!

3. Families of the PTE: There are 18 families on the PTE.
Each family has a specific name.
The largest family is the Transition Metal Family.
Families are found in columns.
Columns run up and down (vertical).

4. Groups of the PTE: Groups and Families are the same thing.
However, when counting how many valence electrons each family has, we call them Groups.
Groups, like families, are found in columns.
Groups run up & down (vertical).
Ex). Group 1 has 1 valence electron, Group 2 has 2 valence electrons, Group 3 has 3 valence electrons, and so on.
We do not count the Transition Metal family when dealing with valence electrons, we skip over that family (they have a whole different set of rules when bonding).
Elements in each group are grouped into families based on chemical properties.

5. Groups of the PTE (cont.)
Chemical properties would include how reactive they are.
Elements in each group have similar properties with other elements in that group.
Elements in each group are looking to bond with other elements to achieve the Happy Number of 8 valence electrons.
Ex) Group 1 (Alkali Metal Family)
bonds well with Group 7 (Halogens)
to achieve 8 total valence electrons.

6. Periods of the PTE There are 7 periods on the PTE.
Atomic Number of each element increases as you move across the PTE.
Periods are also called rows.
Periods (Rows) run left to right.
Each Period tells us how many electron shells the elements in the row has.
Ex). Period 1 has 1 shell, Period 2 has 2 shells, Period 3 has 3 shells, and so on.
Note: It may look like the bottom two are in their own periods, but they are not! They are in periods 6 and 7.

7. Alkali Metals Color: Lime Green Family Number: 1 Group Number: 1
Number of valence electrons: 1
Physical Properties: Silvery, soft, malleable, ductile, good conductors
Chemical Properties: Wants to lose their 1 VE. Reactivity increases as you move down the group.
Reactivity: HIGH
States of Matter: Solids
Bonds Well With: Halogens
Elemental Family Members:
Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr
Uses/Found in: Li – batteries, Na – salt,
K –found in bananas,
Color: Lime Green
Color: LIME GREEN

8. Video: Alkali Metals

9. Alkaline Earth Metals Color: LIGHT RED Family Number: 2
Group Number: 2
Number of valence electrons: 2
Physical Properties: Silvery, soft, malleable, ductile, good conductors
Chemical Properties: Wants to lose their 2 VE.
Reactivity: HIGH, but not as high as Alkali Metals
States of Matter: Solids
Bonds Well With: Halogens, giving 2 VE to one halogen each OR Oxygen Family give both VE away.
Elemental Family Members: Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra
Uses/Found in:
Ca –bones,
Sr –red color in fireworks, Ba,green color in fireworks,
Color: LIGHT RED

10. Alkali Metals & Alkali Earth Metals

11. Transition Metals Elemental Family Members: Family Number: 3-12
21 (Scandium) through 29 (Copper)
39 (Yttrium) through 47 (Silver)
57 (Lanthanum) through 79 (Gold)
89 (Actinium) and all higher numbers.
Uses/Found in:Cu, Copper- wiring, Zn, Zinc – sunblock,
Au, Gold – Astronaut helmets
Family Number: 3-12
Group Number: NO group numbers
Number of valence electrons: -
Physical Properties: hard, malleable, ductile, good conductors
Chemical Properties: Forms oxides and chlorides
Reactivity: Low
States of Matter: Solids except Mercury
Bonds Well With: -
Color: LIGHT BLUE

12. Transition Metals cont.
Lanthanides: Part of Transition Metals, found on Period 6 and are reactive.
Actinides: Also part of Transition Metal, found of Period 7 and are radioactive.
These two sections are also known as Rare Earth Metals because they are abundantly found in Earth’s Crust.

13. Boron Family Color: YELLOW Family Number: 13 Uses/Found in :
Group Number: 3
Number of valence electrons: 3
Physical Properties: Boron is a metalloid, The rest are metals
Chemical Properties: Metals, wants to Lose electrons rather than gain.
Reactivity: Low
States of Matter: Solids
Bonds Well With: Oxygen Family Elements
Elemental Family Members: B, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Nh
Uses/Found in :
Al – cans
In –touch screens, flat screen TVs
Tl – Ringworm medicine
Color: YELLOW

14. Carbon Family Color: ORANGE Family Number: 14 Group Number: 4
Number of valence electrons: 4
Physical Properties:1 nonmetal, 2 metalloids, 2 metals
Chemical Properties: Shares VE with nonmetals, gains VE from metals.
Reactivity: More reactive than the Boron fam, but still low.
States of Matter: Solids and gas
Bonds Well With: other nonmetal groups
Elemental Family Members C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, Fl
Uses/Found in :
C – diamonds & pencil lead
Si – computer chips & sand
Sn – tin foil
Pb – pipes
Color: ORANGE

15. Nitrogen Family Family Number: 15 Group Number: 5
Number of valence electrons: 5
Physical Properties:2 nonmetals, 2 metalloids, 2 metals
Chemical Properties: Shares VE with nonmetals.
Reactivity: Varies
States of Matter: Solids and gas
Bonds Well With: other nonmetal groups
Elemental Family Members N, P, As, Sb, Bi, Mc
Uses/Found in :
N – ammonia
P – matchboxes
As – rat poison
Sb – bullets
Color: DARK GREEN

16. Oxygen Family Color: PURPLE Family Number: 16 Group Number: 6
Number of valence electrons: 6
Physical Properties:3 nonmetals, 2 metalloids, 1 metal
Chemical Properties: Shares VE with nonmetals and gains VE from metals.
Reactivity: High, but not as high as Halogens
States of Matter: Solids and gas
Bonds Well With: other nonmetal groups
Elemental Family O, S, Se, Te, Po, Lv
Uses/Found in:
O – air/water
S – eggs
Color: PURPLE

17. Halogens Color: BROWN Family Number: 17 Group Number: 7
Number of valence electrons: 7
Physical Properties: Nonmetals- dull luster, poor conductors, brittle
Chemical Properties: Wants to gain 1 VE to have a full shell.
Reactivity: Highly Reactive,reactivity weakens as it moves DOWN the group.
States of Matter: S, L, G
Bonds Well With: Alkali Metal Family (Group 1)
Elemental Family F, Cl, Br, I, At, Ts
Uses/Found in :
F – toothpaste
Cl – swimming pools/salt
I – Disinfectant medicine
Color: BROWN

18. Noble Gases Uses/Found in: He – balloons Ne – advertising signs
Family Number: 18
Group Number: 8
Number of valence electrons: 8 except for Helium, it has 2
Physical Properties: Nonmetals – colorless, orderless
Chemical Properties:8 VE, full/happy or 2 for Helium
Reactivity: Nonreactive
States of Matter: G
Bonds Well With: no families, they have 8 VE and doesn’t want or need to bond – they are SNOBS.
Elemental Family He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn, Os
Uses/Found in:
He – balloons
Ne – advertising signs
Ar – light bulbs
Color PINK

20. Helium
If an element’s shell is considered FULL with 8 valence electrons, then why does HELIUM’S outer shell have 2 valence electrons and is considered full?
Helium (He) is different from all of the other elements.
It is very stable with only two valence electrons in its ONE outer shell.
Even though it only has two, it is still grouped with the
Noble gases that 8 valence electrons on its outer shell and is is still considered stable.
The noble gases and helium are all "happy," because their valence shell is full.

21. Video: Halogens

22. Hydrogen Color: DARK RED Family Number: Doesn’t belong in a family
Group Number: 1
Number of valence electrons: 1
Physical Properties: nonmetal, lightest, colorless
Chemical Properties: Wants to bond by sharing it’s 1 VE
Reactivity: HIGHLY Reactive,
States of Matter: G
Bonds Well With: Halogens and other nonmetals
Elemental Family it’s adopted by the alkali metals.
Uses and Bonds (choose 2):
Rocket fuel,
makes up most 72% of the sun
Bonds with Oxygen to make water
Bonds with Nitrogen to make ammonia
Bonds with Chlorine to make hydrochloric acid
Color: DARK RED

23. Hydrogen
Why is Hydrogen placed in Group 1 with the Alkali Metals when it is NOT a metal?
Hydrogen is placed in Group 1 due to it having only ONE valence electron on its outer shell.
It does not share any characteristics of the alkali metals.
Hydrogen is a nonmetal and all of the other elements in Group 1 are metals.
Hydrogen is very reactive because it gives up its electron so easily
Hydrogen is the most abundant element on Earth.
Hydrogen is a brat because it doesn’t act like any other elements on the PTE. It has to stand alone.

24. What does it mean to be reactive?
Elements that are reactive bond easily with other elements to make compounds (two or more elements bonded together).
What makes an element reactive?
An incomplete valence electron shell.
All atoms (except hydrogen and helium) want to have 8 electrons in their very outermost energy shell.(This is called the Octect Rule.)
Atoms bond until this level is complete. Atoms with few valence electrons lose them during bonding.
4. Atoms with 6, 7, or 8 valence electrons gain electrons during bonding.