1. Chapter 1: Materials
Section 1!

2. Why study materials? With your partner, ask yourselves the following:
What kind of material(s) would you use to build these, and why:
A bridge
A bed
A window
A car
Did we use the same material for everything? Why not?
We use materials with desirable properties for what we need.

3. Properties of Matter
What separates a pillow from a brick? Many qualities, but all of these are called Properties
There are two kinds of Properties:
Physical Properties and…
Chemical properties

4. Physical Properties
A Physical Property is a property that can be observed WITHOUT Altering what that substance is made of.
ACTIVITY: I am going to pass a few objects around the room, observe them with your partner(s), I will ask a few questions about these.
All of these are physical properties because we did not change what any of those substances were made of by observing those properties

5. Physical Properties: Examples
Other examples of phys. properties: Density, malleability, Boiling Point, and Melting Point, Conductivity.
By boiling or melting something, do we change what it is MADE of?

6. Chemical Properties
A Chemical Property is a property that can only be observed when that material undergoes a Chemical Change.
Examples of Chemical Properties: Reactivity, Toxicity, and of course, Flammability

7. Changes in matter
Sometimes, matter undergoes changes. These can range from ripping paper to soda going flat.
There are two types of changes:
Physical Changes, and…
Chemical Changes

8. Physical Changes
A Physical Change is a change a material can undergo that does not change what that material is made of.
THINK PAIR SHARE: What are some changes you can do to an ice cube that don’t change that it is made of water?

9. Physical Changes
Examples of physical changes: Bending a wire, Melting Ice, Crushing a rock.
In none of these changes did we change what the wire, ice, or rock was made of!

10. Chemical Changes
A Chemical Change is a change that does alter what the material is made of. A Chemical change ALWAYS results in a change in that material’s composition!
These changes are also known as Chemical Reactions.
In a Chemical Reaction, the materials you start with are called reactants.
The materials you get out are called products.

11. Chemical Changes There are 4 major indicators of chemical changes:
Production of a gas/fizzing
Transfer of energy (heat/light)
Color Change
Formation of a precipitate
A Precipitate is a solid that usually forms from two liquids.
6:20- Golden Rain: Lead Iodide

12. Chemical Changes
Examples of a Chemical change include: (what indicates these are reactions?)
Opening a soda-
Cracking a glowstick-
Using handwarmers-
Adding NaCl to AgNO3 (DEMO TIME!!!)

13. Properties of Matter- Application
What Physical Properties make copper metal a good material to use for a coin?
Shiny (luster)
Hard/tough (doesn’t rip or chip easily)
Malleable (can be bent/molded into pennies)

14. Properties of matter- Application
Some CHEMICAL properties of copper metal that make it a good material to use in a coin:
Solubility (doesn’t dissolve in water)
Reactivity (doesn’t react with many substances)

15. Practice time!
Below we are going to go over a few practice problems. Decide on your own whether the following are physical properties or chemical properties. After you are done, compare with your partner!
Pure metals have a high Luster: Physical
The surfaces of some materials become dull when exposed to air: Chemical
Nitrogen, usually unreactive, can form Nitrogen Oxides in some car engines: Chemical

16. Practice Continued
Diamonds are hard enough to use as coating for drill bits: Physical
Milk turns sour if left too long at room temperature: Chemical
Metals are typically ductile (can be made into wires): Physical
Argon gas (unreactive) is used instead of air to protect the filament wire from being destroyed by chemical reactions: Chemical
Drain cleaner is a strong chemical that can dissolve most drain clogs: Chemical
Metals are better conductors of heat and electricity than nonmetals: Physical

17. The Particulate view of Matter
In order to understand the properties of matter we have been studying, we need to study them at the Particulate Level, or the level of atoms and molecules.
Atoms are the smallest unit of matter, also referred to as the building blocks of matter.
Matter that is made up of only one kind of atom is called an Element.

18. Elements Any element can be found on the Periodic Table
Examples of elements: Oxygen, Cesium, Gold
Get to know your 1st 30 elements on the table! (Hydrogen to Zinc), Know the name and symbol of these. They are fair game for quizzes in this chapter!

19. Compounds
When you combine atoms of two or more elements, you get a Compound!
Some compounds are referred to by their formulas, others have names, can you name any?
Examples of Compounds: Water (H2O), Chalk (CaCO3), Table Sugar (C12H22O17)

20. Substances Both elements and compounds are known as Substances.
A substance is defined as anything with a uniform and definite composition.
More simply put, something that can be purified
The smallest unit of matter for an element is called an atom
The smallest unit of matter for a Compound is called a Molecule
Molecules are held together by Chemical Bonds between the individual atoms.
Kind of like the nubs on lego pieces holding legos together.

21. Element vs. Compound

22. Practice time!
Characterize the following as either an element or a molecule, then share with a partner:
Sulfur- element
Water- compound
Rubbing Alcohol- Compound
Gold- Element
Ammonia Gas (NH3)- Compound

23. Classifying the elements
Today, there are over 116 unique elements that have been discovered and observed.
As scientists started discovering more elements, they realized they needed a way to organize them all on a Periodic Table (we will talk more about this later).
The elements can be grouped in many ways, including the following:
Metals
Nonmetals
Metalloids

24. Metals The first category we will talk about are Metals.
Most elements of the periodic table are Metals
Some Examples of metals include: Iron (Fe), Cobalt (Co), Lithium (Li), and Zirconium (Zr). Any others? (There’s plenty!)

25. Properties of Metals
THINK PAIR SHARE: What are some properties of Metals that you know of?
Some Properties of Metals:
Luster (shiny), Malleable (bendy), Good Conductors, Low Electron Affinity, High Melting Points (usually solid), Hard.
Metals are all to the LEFT of the “Staircase” on the Per. Table!

26. Nonmetals
Nonmetals are generally considered the Opposite of the metals.
There are much less Nonmetals than Metals
The Nonmetals are located to the RIGHT of the “Stairstep”
Examples of Nonmetals include: Sulfur (S), Chlorine (Cl2), Phosphorous (P).

27. Properties of Nonmetals
If Nonmetals are the opposite of metals, can you guess some of their properties too?
Dull (opposite of shiny), Brittle (not malleable), High Electron Affinity, Lower Melting Points, All states at room temp, Bad Conductors (Insulators)

28. Metalloids
Metals are on the Left, Nonmetals are on the right, Metalloids are ON the “Stairstep”!
THINK PAIR SHARE: If Metalloids are between Metals and Nonmetals, what do you think their properties are like?
Examples of Metalloids: Arsenic (As), Germanium (Ge), Silicon (Si)
Aluminum is on the steps, but a metal, because of metallic props.