1. Class of Molecular and Cellular Biology
Academic Year
Class of Molecular and Cellular Biology

2. Struttura e funzioni di acidi nucleici e proteine
attraverso l’analisi di meccanismi molecolari fondamentali
in Procarioti ed Eucarioti

3. Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Archea
Bacteria
Prokaryotes

4. 1 mm
5 mm

5. GENOMI

6. Genomes of Prokaryotes
E. coli 4.6 x 106 base pairs
“Compact” genome
Polycistronic mRNAs

7. Human genome
46 chromosomes
22 autosomes in double copy (diploid genome)
2 sexual chromosomes X Y male; X X female
3,6 x 109 base pairs (aploid genome)
HUMAN KARYOTYPE

8. A PATHOLOGIC HUMAN KARYOTYPE

10. GENOME COMPLEXITY Escherichia coli 4,6 x 106 base pairs
~ 4 x 103 genes
103
Homo sapiens
3,6 x 109 base pairs
~ 3 x 104 genes
101

11. GENOME ANNOTATIONS

12. > 10 x GENOME ~ 3 x 104 genes TRANSCRIPTOME (alternative splicing)
PROTEOME
(post-translation
modifications)
105÷106 products

13. Post-Genomics: Analysis of Transcriptomes and Proteomes

14. Molecular mechanisms of diseases…

15. …and identification/optimization of therapeutical targets

16. Genome: structure and maintenance
The genome
Chromatin
DNA Replication
DNA damage and repair
Recombination
Genome activities
Transcript synthesis and processing
Protein synthesis
Gene expression regulation

17. ->
nucleus
<-
cytosol

18. Figure 4-21 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)

19. CHROMATIN STRUCTURE

20. NUCLEOSOMES

21. HISTONES

22. Figure 4-25 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)

23. NUCLEOSOME
ASSEMBLY
Figure Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)

24. Figure 4-27 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)

25. Figure 4-31 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)

28. Figure 4-33a Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)

29. Figure 4-33b Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)

30. Figure 4-34 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)

31. Genetics ed Epigenetics
Figure Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)

32. HISTONE MODIFICATIONS
Figure Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)

33. Histone code
Figure 4-44a Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)

34. Figure 4-39b Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)

35. Figure 4-72 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)

36. EU- and HETERO-CHROMATIN

37. DNA TOPOLOGY AND CHROMATIN COMPACTION
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes

38. Denaturation and Supercoiling

39. DNA IN MESOPHILES IS NEGATIVELY SUPERCOILED WHAT ABOUT TERMOPHILES ?

40. Topoisomerase I

41. TOPOISOMERASE I: Mechanism

42. Topoisomerase II

43. Topoisomerase II: Mechanism

44. Topoisomerasi I inhibitors: Topotecan (der. Camptotecine)
Staker et al. (2002) PNAS 99,15387
Topoisomerase II inhibitors:
Etoposide, doxorubicine, daunorubicine, mitoxantrone

45. Etoposide
Topo II poisons that include many clinically useful anticancer drugs, such as doxorubicin, daunorubicin, mitoxantrone
and m-AMSA in addition to etoposide, stabilize the cleavable complex.