1. Thoracic Cage and Pelvic Girdle
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3. The Thoracic Cage Consists of thoracic vertebrae, ribs and sternum
Provides support for the walls of the thoracic cavity
Protects heart, lungs, and other internal organs
Serves as base for muscles used in respiration

4. No Ribbing- The Facts About Ribs!
There are 3 types of ribs:
True ribs: 1-7 attached directly to the sternum by coastal cartilage
False ribs: 8-12 attached to costal cartilage which merges with cartilage of rib 7 before reaching the sternum
Floating ribs: unattached to the sternum
Ribs are fairly mobile as a result of their complex muscle structure, dual articulations at vertebrae, and flexible connection to the sternum.
Because ribs are curved, their movements affect the width and depth of the thoracic cage, increasing or decreasing its volume.

6. Thoracic Cage Explained
Manubrium: broad, upper part of the sternum. Articulates with the clavicles and the cartilage of the first pair of ribs.
Body (of the Sternum): longer, thinner part of the sternum.
Xiphoid Process: small cartilage that is fused to the sternum with a fibrous joint by age Non-moveable.

7. Articulations and Markings Explained
Jugular Notch: notch located at the top of the sternum. Large, visible dip.
Clavicle/ Clavicular Articulation: Also called the collarbone. Articulates the manubrium with the sternum.
Costal Cartilages: bars of hyaline cartilage that connect the ribs to the sternum and also contribute to the walls of the thorax

8. Problems that can Occur with the Thoracic Cage
Because the Xiphoid Process does not fuse till later in life, impact/strong pressure from an accident can drive it into the liver, which can cause severe damage.
Broken ribs can usually be fixed, however, in some cases broken ribs can lead to punctures to internal organs
CPR training strongly emphasizes proper hand positioning so as to reduce the chances of breaking ribs.

9. Pelvic Girdle
The Pelvic Girdle articulates with the thigh bones and hold up the weight of the body
Because of the stress of weight bearing and locomotion, the bones of the pelvic girdle are more massive than those of the pectoral girdle
The pelvic girdle protects the pelvic and abdominopelvic viscera and provides attachment for external reproductive organs and associated muscles/membranes

11. Pelvic Girdle Explained
Sacrum: large, triangular bone that starts out as unfused vertebrae. Begin to fuse at age and completely fused be 34.
Illium: uppermost and largest bone of the pelvis.
Ischium: forms the lower and back part of the hip bone
Pubis/ Pubic Bone: lower limit of the suprapubic region, covered by a layer of fat.
Coccyx: the tailbone, composed of fused vertebrae. Allows limited movement with the sacrum

12. Articulations and Markings Explained
Iliac Crest: superior border of the greater pelvis
Sacroiliac joint: joint between sacrum and ilium
Pubic Crest: anterior border of the pubic bone
Pubic Symphysis: midline cartilaginous joint, anterior to the bladder and superior to the genitalia

13. Patient: Doctor, after you bandaged my broken ribs, I keep getting a stitch in my side!
Doctor: That's good, it shows the bones are knitting.