1. Age of Absolutism Part A

2. In the 1500s, 1600s, and 1700s, what was one of the big trends in European government and politics?
The Growth of Royal Powers
The Growth of Nation-States
2. What are Royals?
Kings and Queens who rule over a kingdom, in many cases a large territory

3. 3. What are nation-states?
Countries with a distinct territory and population united under a single and recognized government
The government, in turn, rules with a clear authority over that territory and population
The people, in turn, view themselves as subjects or citizens in such a way that their identity is tied to being, for example, French or English, or Russian, etc.

4. 4. What was the last religious war in Europe oriented around Catholic versus Protestant issues?
The Thirty Years’ War ( )
5. What ended the Thirty Years’ War?
The 1648 Peace of Westphalia

5. 6. The Peace of Westphalia allowed the 300 or so Germanic States to do what?
Determine their own religion, provided it was Catholicism, or Lutheranism, or Calvinism
The Prince of an area would make the choice
7. The Peace of Westphalia greatly weakened what?
The Holy Roman Empire
Napoleon Bonaparte of France would kill it off for good in 1806

6. 8. After the Thirty Years’ War, which country emerged as Europe’s most powerful?
France
9. How long would it be after 1648 until the Germans would live under one crown and flag?
About 223 years
German unification did not happen until 1871, eighteen years before the birth of Adolf Hitler

7. 10. How did England’s Queen Elizabeth I make her kingdom a world power?
By defeating the Spanish Armada in 1588
The Spanish Armada was a fleet of Spanish ships and troops sent by Philip II of Spain to punish Protestant England for England’s piracy against Spanish shipping in the New World

8. 11. What happened during England’s battle against the Spanish Armada?
Under Sir Francis Drake (an English ‘Sea Dog’ who had plundered Spanish treasure ships), English ships and nature’s bad weather stopped the Spanish invasion
12. What were some consequences of the English victory over the Spanish Armada?
After 1588, England was free to begin colonizing North America
The Spanish Empire began a slow decline after 1588
13. How long did Elizabeth I of England reign?
From 1559 until her death in 1603

9. 14. After the childless Elizabeth Tudor (the second daughter of King Henry VIII) died in 1603, what English family took the throne?
The Stuarts
15. Who was the first Stuart king of England?
James I
He took the throne in 1603

10. 16. King James is famous for authorizing an English translation of what book?
The Bible (aka The King James Bible)