1. Renewable energy potential in Thailand
Coal Trans
22 January 2005
Chris Greacen, Ph.D.
Palang Thai

2. Renewables account for very little of Thailands’ installed generating capacity
0.6% จากพลังงานหมุนเวียน
Big hydro
0.6% grid-connected renewables
lignite
Fuel oil
Natural gas
TOTAL: 26,000 MW
Source: EGAT (2003). Power Development Plan

3. Estimate of installed grid-connected renewables in Thailand (2004)
Resource
Capacity (MW)
Biogas 7
Biomass
215 (to grid) (not including 419 MW self-gen)
Small & micro-hydro
139
Solar PV
1.2
Wind
0.7
TOTAL
363
Source: 2003 Thai government figures + updates for biogas & PV based on recent installations

4. Estimated renewable energy potential in Thailand
Resource
Technical potential (MW)
Commerical Potential (MW)
Year 2011 Government targets (MW)
Biomass (includes biogas)
Solar PV
Wind
Micro- & Mini- hydro
7,000
>5,000
1,600
700
>4,300 ?
>200
1140
250
100
350
Total
>14,000
>4,500
1840
Source: Technical potential and Targets from Thai Ministry of Energy. (2003).“Energy Strategy for Competitiveness” Commercial potential from from Black & Veatch 2000 and NEPO/DANCED 1998 as well as interviews with power plant managers.

5. Breakdown of economically viable biomass resource
Economic potential (MW)
Bagasse
1900
Biogas (cassava, pig, food waste)
1185
Wood residues
950
Rice husk
100
Corncob 54
Distillery slop 49
Coconut 43
Palm oil residues
TOTAL
4,324
Source: Black and Veatch (2000). Final Report: Thailand Biomass-Based Power Generation and Cogeneration Within Small Rural Industries. Bangkok, NEPO; NEPO/DANCED (1998). Investigation of Pricing Incentive in a Renewable Energy Strategy -- Main report. Bangkok. Bagasse figure from interview with interview with Sirisak Tatong, power plant manager at Mitr Phol sugar factory. Biogas from interviews with biogas developers

6. Technology is available…
Steam turbines for direct combustion of biomass
Rice husk, wood chip, palm husk, bagasse, coconut husk, etc.
Size >1 MW
Capital cost $1200/kW
Commercially available in Thailand
Bio-digestors & engines for biogas
Pig manure, cassava, palm oil, municipal wastes, distillery slop
Size > 30 kW
Problems with SO2 resolvable
Gasifiers
Rice husk, wood chip
Size > 50 kW.
Problems with tar in some fuels
Commercially available for wood chip

7. Biogas from Pig Farms Reduces air and water pollution
Produces fertilizer
Produces electricity
Biogas from Pig Farms

8. Biogas from Pig Farms
5000 pigs  $31 / day elec.

9. Community micro-hydro
Mae Kam Pong village, Chiang Mai
40 kW
Community cooperative
Expected gross revenues: 30,000 baht/month

10. 40 kW micro-hydro generator at Mae Kam Pong

11. Korat Waste to Energy - biogas
Uses waste water from cassava to make methane
Produces gas for all factory heat (30 MW thermal) + 3 MW of electricity
Earns high market returns
Developer estimates 300 MW from waste water MW from wet cake

12. Korat Waste to Energy - biogas
3 x 1 MW Jenbacher gas generators

13. DSM + Cogeneration potential even bigger
2000 to 3000 MW: “Achievable and cost effective DSM” in 1991 (Utility study)
IIEC (International Institute for Energy Conservation) Demand Side Management for Thailand’s Electric Power System: Five-Year Master Plan. Submitted to Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand, Metropolitan Electricity Authority and Provincial Electricity Authority, Bangkok, Thailand. Bangkok, Thailand. November.
Cogeneration
8610 MW cogen installed as of 2001
Since 1998, utilities accepting no new cogen. At least 3,000 MW of additional cogen had applied and have not been accepted.
No systematic evaluation since 1991.

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