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Warm Up Find 2 people to work with Get out homework (vocab terms)
Pick up a Popsicle stick off of my desk, neatly write your full name on it , and put it in the cup on my desk.
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Welcome to AP Psychology
Let the fun begin
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Prologue What makes something scientific? Describe how the field of psychology evolved from a non science to a science. Use as many vocab terms and people as possible.
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OLD BIG issues 1. Mind vs. Body
2. Acquisition of knowledge ( nature or nurture)
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New Issues 1. Nature v Nurture 2. Stability v. change
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1st 2 Schools of Psychology
Structuralism v. Functionalism In YOUR own words explain the differences between functionalism and structuralism
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New Schools of Psychology
8 Psychological Perspectives Evolutionary Behavior genetics Behavioral Cognitive Psychodynamic/ Psychoanalytic Biological/neuroscience Sociocultural Humanistic
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What to Focus on What each perspective believes causes abnormal behavior Possible treatments of each perspective Scientists What does each perspective focus on Read, Discuss and then write
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What do psychologists study
What do psychologists study? What is the main difference between a psychologist and a psychiatrist?
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What is the difference between basic and applied research
What is the difference between basic and applied research? How might a psychologist use each type of research?
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History and Approaches
Introductory Unit- History and Approaches
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What’s Psychology? Psychology - The science/study of behavioral and mental processes. Psychology developed from biology and philosophy. Today, psychology aims to describe and explain how we think, feel, and act using the scientific method.
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Prescientific Psychology
Socrates and Plato- viewed the mind as separable from body and continuing after death Inborn knowledge Relied on logic, not observation Aristotle- relied on careful observations mind and body not separable knowledge not preexisting
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Prescientific Psychology
Augustine- Mind and body are connected Rene Decartes-( )- Mind and body influence each other (dualism). Born with innate knowledge John Locke- Mind is a blank slate The mind acts on only what comes in through the senses Empiricism- knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation
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Psychological Science is Born
First 2 schools of thought were Structuralism and Functionalism
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Structuralism 1st Structuralism- William Wundt-
Wanted to engage people in introspection (looking inward) What do you feel, how do you feel?, what images are you seeing? Wanted to discover the elements of the mind Required verbal, smart people At times unreliable Did not focus on why we feel or see these things
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Functionalism 2nd- Functionalism- William James
Interested in the purpose of behavioral actions The function of mental operations in adapting to the environment Memories, willpower, habits…… Philosophy of Pragmatism Basis of Behavioralism
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Psychology Subfields Applied research- practical problems
Basic research-builds the psychologist’s knowledge base Applied research- practical problems Clinical psychologist – study and treat people. Give and analyze tests,conduct research Psychiatrists- often provide psychotherapy, medical doctor that can prescribe drugs Organizational/industrial Psychologist-
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Psychology’s Subfields
Type of research Biological Developmental Cognitive Personality Social Positive Psychology Applied Clinical Psychology Counseling Psychology Educational Psychology Industrial-Organizational Community Psychology No animation. Instructor: This slide lists categories that are covered in more depth in the next two slides.
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Psychology’s Subfields Research Examples
Type of research Biological Developmental Cognitive Personality Social Positive Psychology Explore the structural problems in the brain that may be part of autism Study how the stages of cognitive and emotional development vary in autism Clarify the difficulties autistic children have with understanding sarcasm Decide whether traits like neuroticism need to be measured differently in autism Click to reveal an example for each type of research. Find how autistic children can learn social skills as procedures if not by intuition Explore what motivates people and contributes to life satisfaction
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Psychology’s Subfields Applied
Clinical Psychology Counseling Psychology Educational Psychology Industrial-Organizational Community Psychology Use exposure therapy to decrease phobic reactions in a traumatized client Help someone achieve career goals despite family conflict and self-doubt Evaluate aptitudes and achievement to plan for a student with learning problems Figure out how a factory can improve coordination of tasks, roles, and personalities Click to reveal an example of each type of applied psychology. Instructor: This slide lists categories that are covered in more depth in the next two slides. Help coordinate a city’s efforts to understand and prevent elder abuse Use exposure therapy to decrease phobic reactions in a traumatized client
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Let’s play: “What’s my perspective?”
“Obsessive-compulsive disorder is a problem in the orbital cortex.” “Compulsions start as habits and are rewarded by the anxiety relief they bring.” “No, it’s a sign of unresolved childhood issues.” “OCD comes from our natural instinct to control our environment.” “No, OCD is an inherited condition.” Automatic animation. Instructor: This would be “The Seven Psychologists and the client with OCD.” Ask the students if they can identify the perspective used in making the comments. I have created a different example than the “anger” one found in the book. I have color-coded the statements so students can call out suggestions by color, “the orange one is…” The answers: Orange: Neuroscience, Magenta: Psychodynamic, Blue: Behavior Genetics, Black: Behaviorist, Brown: Evolutionary, Gray: Social-Cultural, Green: Cognitive. “OCD thinking and behavior is a reaction to our fast-paced, out-of-control lifestyles.” “No, OCD is a matter of mental habits and errors that can be corrected.”
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7 Current approaches ( subfields) of Psychology
1. The Behaviorist Approach- Emphasizes the effect of the environment on shaping behavior Does not deny the role of heredity. (but can’t do anything about it, we can alter the envir.) Emphasizes learning(rewards and punishments) Give me an example of what they might study
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7 Current approaches of Psychology
2. The Biological Approach- seeks to understand behaviors by studying underlying neurological, biochemical and neuromuscular causes. Looks at the effect of brain damage, injecting hormones….. on behaviors Give me an example of what they might study
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7 Current approaches of Psychology
3. The Cognitive Approach- Focus on how we encode, process, store and retrieve information Focus on the mental processes that intervene between stimulus inputs and response outputs Give me an example of what they might study
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7 Current approaches of Psychology
4. Psychoanalytic Approach- Freud Views our unconscious as our primary determinant of behavior our actions and thoughts are caused by suppressed instincts Give me an example of what they might study
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7 Current approaches of Psychology
5. Humanistic Approach- Human behavior is the result of free will Humans have a basic goodness and an innate motivation to achieve their full potential Give me an example of what they might study
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7 Current approaches of Psychology
6. Sociocultural- Look at how behaviors and thinking vary across situations and cultures Look at how different cultures effect behaviors and thinking Give me an example of what they might study
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7 Current approaches of Psychology
7. Evolutionary/ sociobiological- Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection and explain behavior patterns as adaptations naturally selected, because they increase reproductive success Give me an example of what they might study
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Major Issues Nature/Nurture Stability Vs. Change
Biology V. Environment Stability Vs. Change Rationality Vs. Irrationality
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8 Psychological Perspectives
Evolutionary Behavior genetics Behavioral Cognitive Psychodynamic/ Psychoanalytic Biological/neuroscience Sociocultural Humanistic
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What to Focus on What each perspective believes causes abnormal behavior Possible treatments from each perspective Important psychologists What does each perspective focus on Read, Discuss and then write Nature/nurture????
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