1. Clean Energy Federalism

2. CPP envisioned states having a role
Even without CPP, states are innovating and will continue to do so

3. Examples Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPSs) Customer Rate Design
Vehicle Efficiency Standards

4. Renewable Portfolio Standard Policies www.dsireusa.org / February 2017
WA: 15% x 2020*
OR: 50%x 2040*
(large utilities)
CA: 50%
x 2030
MT: 15% x 2015
NV: 25% x
2025*
UT: 20% x 2025*†
AZ: 15% x 2025*
ND: 10% x 2015
NM: 20%x 2020 (IOUs)
HI: 100% x 2045
CO: 30% by 2020 (IOUs) *†
OK: 15% x 2015
MN:26.5%
x 2025 (IOUs)
31.5% x 2020 (Xcel)
MI: 15% x 2021*†
WI: 10% 2015
MO:15% x 2021
IA: 105 MW
IN: 10% x 2025†
IL: 25% x 2026
OH: 12.5% x 2026
NC: 12.5% x 2021 (IOUs)
VA: 15% x 2025†
KS: 20% x 2020
ME: 40% x 2017
NH: 24.8 x 2025
VT: 75% x 2032
MA: 15% x 2020(new resources)
6.03% x 2016 (existing resources)
SD: 10% x 2015
NY:50% x 2030
RI: 38.5% x 2035
CT: 27% x 2020
NJ: 20.38% RE x 2020
+ 4.1% solar by 2027
PA: 18% x 2021† DC
DE: 25% x 2026*
MD: 25% x 2020
DC: 50% x 2032
SC: 2% 2021
TX: 5,880 MW x 2015*
29 States + Washington DC + 3 territories have a Renewable Portfolio Standard
(8 states and 1 territories have renewable portfolio goals)
U.S. Territories
NMI: 20% x 2016
Guam: 25% x 2035
PR: 20% x 2035
USVI: 30% x 2025 *
Renewable portfolio standard
Extra credit for solar or customer-sited renewables †
Renewable portfolio goal
Includes non-renewable alternative resources

5. Common RPS Features Target based on annual % of energy sales
Typically includes solar, wind, geothermal, biomass – but not nuclear or hydro
Solar carve-outs
RECs
- multipliers
- in region requirements

6. Energy Efficiency Resource Standards (and Goals)
/ October 2016 DC
20 States
Have Mandatory Statewide Energy Efficiency Resource Standards
(8 States Have Goals)
U.S. Territories PR
Guam
USVI
NMI
States with an Energy Efficiency Resource Standard
States with an Energy Efficiency Resource Goal
No State Standard or Goal

7. Customer Rate Design
Time-of-day pricing
Smart grids
Net Metering

8. Net Metering 41 States + DC,
/ July 2016 DC
41 States + DC,
AS, USVI, & PR have mandatory net metering rules
KEY
U.S. Territories:
State-developed mandatory rules for certain utilities (41 states + DC+ 3 territories) AS PR
No statewide mandatory rules, but some utilities allow net metering (2 states) VI GU
Statewide distributed generation compensation rules other than net metering (4 states + 1 territory)

9. State Vehicle Standards
Low Carbon Fuel Standards (California Waiver)
Zero Emissions Vehicle Standards/Incentives

10. Benefits Laboratories of democracy Experimentation
Flexibile - ”adaptive”
Competition for Clean Energy Jobs

11. Problems? Fragmented, not consistent
Subject to repeal (“maladative” federalism)
Leakage

12. Legal Barriers
Dormant Commerce Clause
Federal Preemption

13. Dormant Commerce Clause
Corey (9th Circuit)
Epel (10th Circuit) – Gorsuch opinion
Heydinger (8th Cir)

14. Federal Preemption Hughes (SCOTUS 2016) – Federal Power Act
See Murphy concurrence in Heydinger
E.g., challenges to New York “zero emissions credits”
Clean Air Act
EPA SIPs?
- Vehicle standards and the California CAA waiver