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Presenting Results Fernando A.C. Ligot, MHPEd, CSP-PASP January 2011
Presenting Research Results (Use of tables and figures in data presentation) Fernando A.C. Ligot, MHPEd, CSP-PASP January 2011 MADC Jan 2008
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Objectives Discuss importance of data presentation
Presenting Results Objectives Discuss importance of data presentation Describe the different types of figures, tables that can be used for presenting data Cite examples of figures, tables that can be used for presenting data Use the appropriate figure, table in presenting data MADC Jan 2008
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Presenting Results Objectives Label figures and tables according to prescribed format (APA) Write a text that complements a given figure, chart, table etc. MADC Jan 2008
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Data presentation “a picture is worth a thousand words”
Presenting Results Data presentation “a picture is worth a thousand words” Use of effective graphics can enhance understanding of complex data gathered Aids in assimilating information MADC Jan 2008
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Color Number grey 10 blue 5 pink 6 teal 11 Presenting Results
MADC Jan 2008
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Data can be presented as:
Presenting Results Data can be presented as: Table Figure Graph (line graphs, bar graphs) Chart (organizational chart) MADC Jan 2008
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Which one? What am I trying to communicate? Who is my audience?
Presenting Results Which one? What am I trying to communicate? Who is my audience? What might prevent the reader/audience from understanding my table/figure? Does the table/figure tell the entire story? MADC Jan 2008
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Data presentation Report less complex data in text form
Presenting Results Data presentation Report less complex data in text form Tables & figures Only if shorter and clearer in text Do not repeat data in text Do refer to in text, and explain what reader needs to look for (ex. Fig 1 shows the mean speech perception scores in the aided and unaided condition) From Melbourne uni lectures MADC Jan 2008
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Tables For quantitative and qualitative data
Presenting Results Tables For quantitative and qualitative data Helps in presenting large amount of data in a small amount of space Tables with less than two or fewer columns & rows should be presented in text MADC Jan 2008
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Tables Provide detailed information in a concise fashion
NOT used to display the entire study SHOULD emphasize MAJOR points only Place tables as close as possible to the section of text to which it refers
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Considerations in Creating Tables
Presenting Results Considerations in Creating Tables Rounded off values vs precise values Comparison can be made easier between columns than across rows – present results in columns or rows Column and row averages give a visual focus that allows the reader understand the data better MADC Jan 2008
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Tables and Text Tables SUPPLEMENT, not DUPLICATE the text
Presenting Results Tables and Text Tables SUPPLEMENT, not DUPLICATE the text Refer to the table in the text and tell reader what to look for Discuss in text the table’s highlights Each table should be integral part of the text, but can still be clearly understood on its own MADC Jan 2008
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Presenting Results Tables and Text Number tables with Arabic numerals in the order which they appear in text Double spaced for clarity Title usually above table Must provide sufficient detail, may include subject, test, conditions, units, stat Do not use suffix letters to number tables (1a) MADC Jan 2008
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Tables Choice of headings important
Presenting Results Tables Choice of headings important need to be informative & clear, but short Length should be within the widest entry of the columns it spans Grade level Grade Use footnotes to explain or add extra info MADC Jan 2008
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Presenting Results Other Things To Note : Explain abbreviations, underlines, parenthesis, dashes and special symbols. Correctly identify probability level values Notes are ordered in the following sequence: general note (with the word Note underlined) , specific note, probability note Use horizontal rule, remove vertical rule Always refer table in text MADC Jan 2008
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Presenting Results Three lines: MADC Jan 2008
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Figures Graph, photo, diagram Numbered by Arabic numerals
Presenting Results Figures Graph, photo, diagram Numbered by Arabic numerals Title is usually above fig Must provide sufficient detail, may incl subj., test, conditions, stat MADC Jan 2008
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A Good Figure: Augments rather than duplicate text
Presenting Results A Good Figure: Augments rather than duplicate text Conveys important facts Is not visually distracting MADC Jan 2008
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A Good Figure: Is easy to read: its elements are large enough to be read Is easy to understand Is consistent with the rest of the figures in the paper Is carefully planned and prepared
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Graphs Provide a visual demonstration of research results
Presenting Results Graphs Provide a visual demonstration of research results Show trends, relationships and comparisons more effectively and concisely Show relationship between two quantitative variables MADC Jan 2008
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Presenting Results Line Graphs Independent variable (cause or treatment procedure) is plotted on the horizontal (x-axis) Dependent variable (outcome) is plotted on the vertical (y-axis) MADC Jan 2008
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Line Graphs Scales can be linear, logarithmic or log linear
Presenting Results Line Graphs Scales can be linear, logarithmic or log linear Grid marks on axes demarcate measurement Keep lines straight and simple. Remove unnecessary detail Remember, graphs are supposed to show data, not technical skills of the writer/illustrator MADC Jan 2008
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Presenting Results Figure 1. Comparison of heart rates of subjects in relation to time spent on the treadmill. MADC Jan 2008
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Presenting Results Bar Graphs Used when the independent variable is categorical (different experimental conditions, different language tests) Suitable for comparing the scores of different groups or individuals, particularly on a number of different tests or at different assessment points MADC Jan 2008
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Figure 2. Scores of six students in SP 104 exam.
Presenting Results Figure 2. Scores of six students in SP 104 exam. MADC Jan 2008
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Presenting Results Pie Graphs Suitable for indicating sizes of diff groups within the data 100% graphs, show percentages and proportions Items to compare should be limited to five or less Order segments from large to small. Start from 12 o’clock MADC Jan 2008
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Presenting Results Figure 3. Distribution of Speech Pathology Practice in the Philippines (n=53) MADC Jan 2008
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Presenting Results Scatter Graphs Useful when trying to indicate the relationship between two factors Consist of single dots plotted to represent the values of single events on the two variables scaled on the x- and y-axes Dependent variable; y-axis (ex % correct) Independent: x-axis (test, subject) MADC Jan 2008
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Presenting Results MADC Jan 2008
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Choice of Scale Significant differences should look clearly different
Presenting Results Choice of Scale Significant differences should look clearly different Dependent on minimum and max scores Use same scale for figures that will be compared MADC Jan 2008
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Presenting Results Charts Describe relations between parts of a group or object or the sequence of operations in a process Usually in the form of boxes connected by lines (organizational chart) MADC Jan 2008
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Preparation of Figures
Presenting Results Preparation of Figures Choose appropriate grid scale Use tick marks to indicate units of measurements Label each axis with the quantity measured and the units in which it is measured Place labels parallel to the proper axes Use distinct, simple geometric shapes MADC Jan 2008
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Presenting Results Legends and Captions Legends should have the same kind and proportion of lettering Captions serve as both an explanation and title of the figure. Should be brief and descriptive MADC Jan 2008
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Presenting Statistics
Presenting Results Presenting Statistics Mean is presented as M (italics) Standard Deviation - SD MADC Jan 2008
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Italics and Spacing Statistical symbols are placed in italics
Presenting Results Italics and Spacing Statistical symbols are placed in italics Put a space between each reported statistic or equation (M=12, SD=1.08) (M = 12, SD = 1.08) MADC Jan 2008
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Presenting Results Use of Parenthesis Descriptive statistics are usually placed in parenthesis. Simple statistics are also placed in parenthesis Ex: The findings of the study were highly significant (p < .001, two tailed test) MADC Jan 2008
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Thank You for Listening
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Reference Presenting Results
Cruz, M.A.D (2008). Presenting Results. UP CAMP Association, A. P. (1995). Publication Manual. Washington DC, American Psychological Association. Making Tables and Figures. Statistical/Data Presentation Tools Krawiecm P.A., (1995). The Use of Tables, Illustrations, and graphs for effective research presentation. Journal of Vascular Nursing. Portney L.G. & Watkins, M.P. (2009).Foundations of Clinical Research: Application to Practice. 3rd Ed.Prentice Hall. MADC Jan 2008
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