1. Addition of water, H - OH + H2O major product 2-methyl-2-butene
minor product

2. Mechanism of hydration
step 1 H+
+ H2O
catalyst
nuclophile
 e-
electrophile
add H+ H+

3. Mechanism of hydration
step 2 .. + H O
electrophile
nucleophile
step 3
oxonium ion
+ H+
alcohol

4. Addition of Br2 .. .. .. bromination Br C Br-Br C Br C C step 1 Br+ C C Br ..
step 1 Br .. + +
bromonium ion - - .. Br

5. Addition of Br2 .. .. .. “anti” addition stereospecific trans isomer -+
step 2
“anti” addition
stereospecific
trans isomer

6. Addition of H2 hydrogenation C H H-H alkenes  alkanes+
alkenes  alkanes
heterogeneous catalyst Pt C H
“syn” addition
cis isomer
H - H
stereospecific

7. . . . . Polymerization monomer polymer small molecule
large molecule built of
monomers
catalyst .
CH2 – CH2 .
( )– n
CH2 – CH2 . .
CH2=CH2
polyethylene
ethylene H H
–(CH2 – CH – CH2 – CH)– n
C6H5 C
H5C6 H
styrene
polystyrene

8. Review - Alkenes addition reactions Y - Z H - X hydrohalogenation+
Y - Z
H - X
hydrohalogenation
Markovnikov
no catalyst
H - OH
hydration
Markovnikov
H+ catalyst
homogeneous

9. Review - Alkenes addition reactions Y - Z H - H hydrogenation+
Y - Z
H - H
hydrogenation
“syn” addition
heterogeneous catalyst
cis- isomer
Br - Br
bromination
“anti” addition
trans- isomer
polymerization
free radical mechanism

10. Alkynes sp hybridized carbons s p C H eth yne = acetylene
addition reactions
2 equivalents
Markovnikov

11. Aromatics C6H6 benzene sp2 hybridized carbons resonance structure
6  electrons delocalized
very stable
unreactive
no addition reactions