1. Chapter 3: Neuroscience and Behavior
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2. Neurons: The Basic Elements of Behavior
From Neurons to Nervous System: The Biology Underlying Behavior
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3. Neuron: Basic Structure
Dendrites
Receive messages from other neurons
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4. Neuron: Basic Structure
Axon
Carries messages destined for other cells
Myelin Sheath
Wrapped around the axon providing a protective coating
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5. Neuron: Basic Structure
All-or-none law
Neurons are either on or off
Resting state
Negative electrical charge within a neuron
Action potential
An electric nerve impulse that travels through a neuron, changing the cell’s charge from negative to positive
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6. Neuron: Basic Structure
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7. Neuron: Basic Structure
Excitatory messages
A chemical secretion that makes it more likely that a receiving neuron will fire and an action potential will travel down its axon
Inhibitory messages
A chemical secretion that prevents a receiving neuron from firing
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8. Neuron: Basic Structure
Neurotransmitters
Chemicals that carry messages across the synapse to the dendrite (and sometimes to the cell body) of a receiver neuron
Synapse
A chemical connections that bridges the gap between two neurons
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10. Neuron: Basic Structure
Acetylcholine (Ach)
Location
Brain, spinal cord, peripheral nervous system, especially some of the organs of the parasympathetic nervous system
Effect
Excitatory in brain and autonomic nervous system; inhibitory elsewhere
Function
Muscle movement, cognitive functioning
Acetylcholine (ACh)
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11. Neuron: Basic Structure
Glutamate
Location
Brain and spinal cord
Effect
Excitatory
Function
Memory
Glutamate
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12. Neuron: Basic Structure
Gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA)
Location
Brain and spinal cord
Effect
Main inhibitory neurotransmitter
Function
Eating, aggression, sleeping
Gamma-amino butyric acid
(GABA)
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13. Neuron: Basic Structure
Dopamine
Location
Brain
Effect
Inhibitory or excitatory
Function
Muscle disorders, mental disorders, Parkinson’s disease
Dopamine
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14. Neuron: Basic Structure
Serotonin
Location
Brain and spinal cord
Effect
Inhibitory
Function
Sleeping, eating, mood, pain, depression
Serotonin
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15. Neuron: Basic Structure
Endorphins
Location
Brain, spinal cord
Effect
Primarily inhibitory, except in hippocampus
Function
Pain suppression, pleasurable feelings, appetites, placebos
Endorphins
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Neurotransmitters
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17. The Nervous System and the Endocrine System
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18. Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems
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19. Central Nervous System
Spinal Cord
Reflexes
Sensory (Afferent) Neurons
Motor (Efferent) Neurons
Interneurons
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20. Peripheral Nervous System
Somatic division
Controls voluntary movement
Autonomic division
Controls that parts of the body that keep us alive – the heart, blood vessels, glands, lungs, etc.
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21. Peripheral Nervous System
Two parts of the autonomic system
Sympathetic
Acts to prepare the body for action in stressful situations, engaging all the organism’s resources to respond to a threat
Parasympathetic
Acts to calm the body after an emergency or stressful situation has ended
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22. Peripheral Nervous System
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23. Evolutionary Foundations of The Nervous System
Evolutionary Psychology
The branch of psychology that seeks to identify behavior patterns that are a result of our genetic inheritance from our ancestors
Behavioral Genetics
The study of the effects of heredity on behavior
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The Endocrine System
Endocrine system
Sends messages throughout the nervous system
Hormones
Affect the functioning or growth of other parts of the body
Pituitary gland
The “master gland”
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The Endocrine System
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26. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
The Brain
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27. Spying On the Brain: Research Methods
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT) Scan
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
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28. Spying On the Brain: Research Methods
Advances in brain imaging also have given rise to neuroforensics, the application of brain science, behavioral genetics, and neural imaging to legal questions
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29. Spying On the Brain: Research Methods
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The “Old” Brain
Central core
Controls basic functions like eating and sleeping
Medulla
Pons
Reticular Formation
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The “Old” Brain
Central core
Cerebellum
Controls balance
Thalamus
Relay station for information concerning senses
Hypothalamus
Maintains homeostasis and produces vital basic behavior
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32. The Limbic System: Beyond the Central Core
Part of the brain that controls eating, aggression, and reproduction
Amygdala
Hippocampus
Fornix
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The “New” Brain
Cerebral cortex
Responsible for the most sophisticated information processing in the brain
4 Lobes
Association (Speech) areas
Aphasia
Broca’s area
Wernicke’s area
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The “New” Brain
Motor area
Responsible for voluntary movements of particular parts of the body
Sensory area
Somatosensory area
Auditory area
Visual area
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35. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Mending the Brain
Regeneration of neurons
Stem cell research
Neuroplasticity
Changes in the brain that occur throughout the life span relating to the addition of new neurons, new interconnections between neurons, and the reorganization or information-processing areas
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36. The Specialization of the Hemispheres
Two symmetrical left and right halves of the brain that control the side of the body opposite to their location
Lateralization
The dominance of one hemisphere of the brain in specific functions
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37. The Split Brain: Exploring the Two Hemispheres
Surgically cutting the corpus callosum
Split brain patients
A person who suffers from independent functioning of the two halves of the brain
Biofeedback
Procedure in which a person learns to control through conscious thought internal physiological processes such as blood pressure, heart and respiration rate, skin temperature, sweating, and the constriction of muscles
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