1. Radioactivity
Clip

2. After decaying, radioactive atoms “change” into other atoms
Radioactivity is the spontaneous disintegration of atomic nuclei. The nucleus emits α particles, ß particles, or electromagnetic rays during this process.
After decaying, radioactive atoms “change” into other atoms
Clip

3. Why does the atom do this?
the nucleus of an atom attempts to become more stable
In some instances, a new element is formed and in other cases, a new form of the original element, called an isotope, appears.
this process of change is often referred to as the decay of atoms.
The rate of Radioactive decay is described in half-lives.

4. Energy is released during radioactive decay

5. Types of Nuclear Radiation
When an unstable nucleus decays, particles and energy are given off from the decaying nucleus.
α and β radiation is in the form of particles
γ radiation is in the form of waves-kind of like light but higher frequency

6. Neutron decays into a proton
Nuclear Decay
2 protons & 2 neutrons
Neutron decays into a proton

7. Alpha particles consist of two protons and two neutrons, identical to the nucleus of a helium atom.
A sheet of paper or a person’s surface layer of skin will stop them.
Alpha particles are only considered hazardous to a person’s health if they are ingested or inhaled and thus come into contact with sensitive cells such as in the lungs, liver and bones. 8

9. Beta particles are electrons emitted from the nuclei of many fission products.
Unstable Neutron decays into a proton.
They can travel a few feet in air but can usually be stopped by clothing or a few centimeters of wood.
They are considered hazardous mainly if ingested or inhaled, but can cause radiation damage to the skin if the exposure is large enough.

11. Gamma rays are a form of electromagnetic
radiation (like light, radio, and television) that come from the nucleus of a radioactive atom.
Occurs when an unstable nucleus emits electromagnetic radiation. The radiation has no mass, and so its emission does not change the element.
They penetrate matter easily and are best stopped by water or thick layers of lead or concrete.
Gamma radiation is hazardous to people inside and outside of the body.
However, gamma radiation often accompanies alpha and beta emission, which do change the element's identity.
Gamma rays have the lowest ionizing power, but the highest penetrating power.

13. Combining of two nuclei.
Fission
Fusion
Splitting a nucleus
Combining of two nuclei.

14. Nuclear power can come from the fission of uranium, plutonium or thorium or the fusion of hydrogen into helium.
Today it is almost all uranium.
The fission of an atom of uranium produces 10 million times the energy produced by the combustion of an atom of carbon from coal.

15. 21
FUSION
A fusion reaction occurs when nuclei of light elements, specifically hydrogen and its isotopes (deuterium, or "heavy water," and tritium), are forced together at extremely high temperatures and densities until they fuse into nuclei of heavier elements and release enormous amounts of energy.
If fusion is to yield net energy, the fuel must be heated in the form of plasma (a highly ionized gas) to a very high temperature and the plasma must then be held together for a sufficiently long time such that the number of fusion reactions occurring releases more energy than was required to heat the fuel.

16. Nuclear Isotope Notations

17. Nuclear Isotope Notations
Nuclear Isotope notation is used so we can keep track of the type of decay of an atom
Alpha and beta particles can be included in chemical equations to show nuclear radiation

18. Half Life is the amount of time it takes
for half of the nuclei in a sample to decay
Mass
(kg)

20. Carbon occurs naturally in three isotopes.
mass number
13C
Carbon occurs naturally in three isotopes.
All of these atoms have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
The number of neutrons and protons determines the mass, so the masses are different.
14C is radioactive.

21. 14C
Radioactive 14C acts chemically just like 12C, so it becomes incorporated into plants an animals.
When the animal/plant dies the 14C begins to decay into 14N at a know rate, so we can determine how long ago the organism died.
This is called Carbon Dating.
It’s only good for about 50,000 years.

22. The half life of 14C is 5,730 years.
If a sample originally contained 100 g, how much would be left after 11,460 years?
50g
25g

24. Older Dating Methods
The isotopes 235U and 238U can be used to date objects billions of years old.
235U has a half life of 704 million years.
238U has a half life of 4.5 billion years.
Mainly used for rocks.