1. Science Skills

2. Technology Use of knowledge to solve practical problems.
Science and technology are interdependent
Advances in one lead to advances in the other

3. Models
Make it easier to understand things that might be too difficult to observe directly.
Computer models can show Earth moving
Allows to see things that are too small (atoms)
Allows to see situations that are dangerous or not possible to show. (ocean floor)

4. Models representation of object or system
Physical:
Models you can touch
Look like the real thing
Do have limitations
Look like but are not the real thing
airplanes, drawings, cell, volcanoes, steam engine, skyscraper

5. Models representation of object or system
Mathematical: are made up of mathematical equations and data
Simple models – formula for how fast a car goes
Complex models (computer) – population growth
Examples: Chemical equations
Weather predictions, Punnett square

6. Models representation of object or system
Scientists who study the Earth’s atmosphere have developed mathematical climate models
Models have lots of data
Levels of Carbon dioxide
Land and ocean temperatures
Cloud types and cloud cover
Snow and ice cover
Ocean currents

7. Models representation of object or system
These mathematical models don’t make exact predictions about future climates, but they do make estimates
Examples
Global warming
Ice Age

8. Models representation of object or system
Conceptual: systems of ideas, making comparisons with familiar things to help illustrate or explain
Model of system of ideas
Big Bang Theory
Continental drift
System of ideas and hypothesis
Supported through the scientific method

10. Safety 1. Never start without teacher
2. Read directions and assign jobs
3. Fire and Heat /Electrical Precautions
4. Chemical Precautions
5. Proper equipment, goggles, gloves
6. No running, playing, eating, throwing items
7. Clean Up and disposal

11. International system of units (SI)
Used in many countries to have a uniform scale of measurement.

12. Conversions: Units based on 10

13. Skills Check 1000 mg = _____ g 14 km = ____ m 160 cm = _____mm
1L = ___ml
109 g = ____ kg
250 m = ___km
Choose equal to , greater than or less than
56 cm ____6 m g ____698 mg

14. Measurement Length: distance between two or more points. (meter m)
Time: interval between 2 events (s)

15. Mass Vs. Weight
Mass: The measure of the amount of matter in an object. The tool used is a triple beam balance. (Grams g)
Weight: Gravitational force between and object and Earth.
W= m X 9.8

16. Volume
Volume: Measure of the amount of space an object takes up. For regular shaped solids use the equations L X W X H but for an irregular shaped solid you use a graduated cylinder and measure how much water is displaced. ( cm³ or ml)
1 ml = 1 cm³

17. Density Density: mass per unit of volume of a material.
Water 1.0 gm/ml
Gold 19.3 gm/cm3

18. SI Base Units Quantity Unit Symbol Length meter m Mass kilogram kg
Temperature
kelvin K
Time
second s

19. Derived Units Quantity Unit Symbol Area Square meter m² Volume
Cubic meter m³
Density
Kg per cubic meter
Kg/m³
Frequency
hertz Hz
wavelength
meter m
Velocity
Speed
m/s direction
m/s v v̅
Acceleration
Meters per second per second
m/s² or m/s/s

20. Quantity
Unit
Symbol
Power
J /s W
Force
Kg.m/s² N
Momentum
Kilogram meter per s
Kg.m/s
Work
Joule J
Energy

21. Organizing Data
Data Tables: easier to spot trends in the data that can support or disprove a hypothesis.

22. D R Y M I X Dependent variable ( outcome) Responding Variable Y – axis
Manipulated variable
Independent Variable (test)
X - axis

23. Graphing DO’S Title Scale
Label units for independent & dependent variables
Key
Label the X & Y axis

24. Graphs
Line Graph: shows changes that occur in related variables. Data that will change over time and not stay the same. ( Temperature)
The Independent (manipulated) variable is on the x x-axis (horizontal axis ).
The dependent (r) variable is on the y y-axis (vertical axis).

26. Bar Graph
Used to compare a set of measurements, amounts, or changes. Allows us to analyze data quickly.

27. Circle/ Pie Graph
A divided circle that shows how a part or percent of something relates to the whole.

28. Doing Science
Descriptive Research: answers through observations.

29. Observation Uses your senses: sight, smell , sound, touch, taste
Qualitative: a quality such as color, shape, smell.
Quantitative: a number or quantity such as 20 students are in this class.
Observations lead to inferences (guess).

31. Observations
Systemic observation: observations obtained by following a preplanned method of observation.
Empirical Evidence: Evidence based on observations of experiments rather than theory.

32. Inferences A guess based on your observations.
Example: The students are tired because they were up late study for their science exam.

33. Hypothesis An educated guess base on observations.
Use an if then statement.
If independent variable then dependent variable.

34. Experimental Research
To answer questions by testing a hypothesis through the use of scientific method.
Perform a controlled experiment by changing one variable (independent variable) , using a control group, constants, and dependent variable.
Trials: do multiple trials (repeat) to make study reliable.

35. Variables
Independent variable/test variable: The variable manipulated by the experimenter in order to study changes in the outcome variable.
Dependent variable/outcome variable: A factor, usually being measured or observed that responds to, or depends on, another factor (test variable).

36. Multiple Trials
Repetition: Making multiple sets of measurements or observations in a scientific investigation.
Replication: The reproduction of a scientific investigation by another person to ensure accuracy.

37. C & C
Constants: Factors that need to be kept the same in an experiment. Example: amount of sunlight, amount of water, and type of plant.
Control or Control Group: receives normal conditions and used for comparison. Example a group that does not receive a medication to lower high blood pressure.

38. Law vs. Theory
Law: A statement that describes invariable relationships among phenomenon, or scientific problem that can be tested by further investigation.
Theory: A set of statements or principles devised to explain a group of facts or phenomena, especially one that has been repeatedly tested or is widely accepted and can be used to make predictions about natural phenomena.

39. Bias
Scientists may expect certain results which effects the outcome of their experiment.
Avoid by making careful measurements and choosing random samples.