1. History of Neurology Linda Buck, Ph.D. 1947-Present June 5th, 2017
KUMC Neurology Morning Report
Richard J. Barohn, MD
June 5th, 2017

2. Linda Buck, Ph.D. Biography
YEAR
ACHIEVEMENT
1947
B. Seattle, Washington
1975
B.S. in Psychology from Univ of Wash
Father was a engineer, mother was a homemaker, solved puzzles
1980
PhD in Neuro-Immunology from UTSW - Dallas
Moved to Columbia, NY
Post-doc with Dr. Richard Axel at Columbia, Neuroscience
1st project – Kandel’s Aphysia lab; cloned gene in Aphysia in neuron
Then began map of the olfactory process at the molecular level

3. Linda Buck, Ph.D. Biography
Year
ACHIEVEMENT
1991
Identified family of gene in rats
That code for >1000 odor receptors –GI Paper
Assistant Professor of Neurobiology, Harvard Med School
1993
Published:
How Inputs from different odor receptors are organized in the nose
2002
Moved to Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle

4. Linda Buck & Richard Axel A Novel Multigene Family May Encode Odorant Receptors: A Molecular Basis for Odor Recognition
Landmark Paper
Genes code for odorant sensors in olfactory neurons in nose
Each receptor is a protein that changes when an odor attaches to the receptor, then sends signal to the brain
Differences between odorant sensors under certain odors cause a signal to be sent to brain
We then interpret varying sensory signals from our receptors as speech & sounds
Buck, L. and Axel, R. (1991) Cell, 65,

5. Linda Buck & Richard Axel A Novel Multigene Family May Encode Odorant Receptors: A Molecular Basis for Odor Recognition
Showed olfactory receptors belong to family of G protein-coupled receptors
Analyzed rat DNA & estimated there are approx. 1,000 different genes for olfactory receptors in mammalian genome
Led to further work of genetic & molecular analysis of mechanisms of olfaction
Each olfactory receptor neurons only expresses one kind of olfactory receptor protein
Input from all neurons expressing the same receptor is collected by a single dedicated glomerulus of the olfactory bulb
Buck, L. and Axel, R. (1991) Cell, 65,

6. Linda Buck Ph.D. Awards Takasago Award for Research in Olfaction
1992
Takasago Award for Research in Olfaction
1996
Unilever Science Award
2003
Gairdner Foundation International Award 
National Academy of Sciences
2004
Nobel Prize in Physiology in Medicine with Richard Axel
2006
Institute of Medicine

7. Linda Buck, Ph.D. Secrets of Smell

8. Linda Buck Ph.D. Retracts Papers
In 2008, Buck had to retract 2001 nature paper
Inability to produce results “inconsistencies between some of the figures and data published the original data”
Paper in question is tied to the “mapping of olfaction to discrete parts of the brain”
Initial groundbreaking work with Richard Axel still valid
Later retracted PNAS 2005 & Science 2006 papers citing she could not reproduce data of these papers
Buck stated most of questionable date came from post-doc Dr. Zhihua Zou

9. .
A team of scientists including Linda B Buck, who shared the 2004 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, has retracted a scientific paper after the scientist could not reproduce their original findings The Harvard Medical School, where the researchers worked when the findings were published in the journal Nature in 2001, has begun a review of the research to determine if there is any evident of misconduct

10. .
Science; 2006: 311, 5766,;

11. Linda Buck, Ph.D. Retracts Papers
PNAS
Nature

12. Richard Axel MD 1946-Present .
Richard Axel MD 1946-Present

13. Year ACHIEVEMENT 1946 B. Brooklyn Parents:
Polish immigrants who fled Nazis
Father- tailor; unacademic upbringing
Interests: basketball; played 7’2 Lew Alcindor, who asked him “What are you going to do, Einstein?”
HS- scholarship to  Stuyvesant HS, Manhattan
Embraced culture & aesthetics of NYC
Esp. Reading Room in NYC library
College- Columbia; worked in DNA lab
(fired as glassware cleaner)
Med School- John Hopkins (military deferment)
“My clinical incompetence was immediately recognized”
“ I sewed a surgeon's finger to a patient ”
“I was allowed to graduate med school if I promised never to practice medicine on live patients.
After 1 year Pathology  internship “I was asked never to practice on dead patients”

14. Richard Axel MD Research in genetics Lab Columbia
 Mentor: Sol Spiegelman who “taught me how to think about science, to identify important problems and how to effect their solution”
NIH Post-Doc Fellowship (“yellow beret”) on DNA structure
1974
Assit Prof  Institute of Cancer Research, Columbia NY
DNA mediated transformation of mammalian cells
Recombinant DNA
1980

15. Richard Axel MD
1980s- Switched to Molecular biology of neuroscience problems
Worked with Eric Kandel & Tom Jessell on Aplysia genetic issues
Then pursued Interest in problem of perception
Linda Buck PhD post-doc
“A creative fellow in the lab, we began to consider how the chemosensory world is represented in the brain. The problem of olfaction was a perfect intellectual target for a molecular biologist.”