1. New facets of neutrino physics in the electron capture by the nucleus
Yuri Novikov
PNPI (St.Petersburg), MPI-K (Heidelberg) and GSI (Darmstadt)
ISOLDE/CERN seminar,
October 9, 2009

2. Yu. Novikov – ISOLDE,

3. Poetry Sudoku Neutrinos have mass! From (Nature, 12th July 2001)
Neutrinos have mass we've just found out. They're not ghosts like we thought.
I see them as dragonflies. They must have airy insubstantial wings, they zip about changing direction flashing bright metallic colours, green-blue, gold, purple, colours changing as they change state, intent on the universe. They all have huge eyes.
For them everything is mostly empty. Even the neutrino trap we made one summer day down in the salt-mine, puts nuclei together like trees in a broad meadow. We didn't catch many we saw their trail a moment then off they darted, quicker than a wink.
They are hatched in the suns. They stream off in swarms across the endless open plains, about their own business, leaving us staring after, empty-handed, happy they exist, glad that we know at last neutrinos have mass.
Yu. Novikov – ISOLDE,

4. “Standard” model as a fundamental building block of nature(
Yu. Novikov – ISOLDE,

5. Standard model of Particle Physics cracked(
Yu. Novikov – ISOLDE,

6. ν-Energy regions available for different detectors10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Super -
Kamiokande
K2K, MINOS
GALLEX, SAGE
KAMIOKANDE, Super
K, SNO
KamLAND, CHOOZ
nuclides with monochromatic
neutrinos
keV
MeV
GeV
TeV
log E ν
Atmosph .
Acceler
Solar.
Reactor.
ε–Capture.
β β T
187Re
Contin. β–
Yu. Novikov – ISOLDE,

7. courtesy of J. Khuyagbaatar
Auger electron
Nuclear process
Atomic process
Electron vacancy
N+1 N
Z-1 Z
Time range
start
10-18s
10-10s
courtesy of J. Khuyagbaatar
Yu. Novikov – ISOLDE,

8. General information on the capture energetics
(Z,A) + e
(Z-1,A)h + En
(Z-1,A)g + Bi
Qn = En + mn = Qe – Bi
Z,A En
En = K + mn = Qe - Bi
smaller En higher contribution of mn
(precision ~1 eV)
Bi – еlectron binding energy :
Qe:
mn ≈ 1 eV
(Z,A)
Qe – Bi should be as small as possible
Qe < 100 keV
The less Qν, the bigger contribution of mn Qe Bi Qn
(Z-1,A)g
(Z-1,A)h
Yu. Novikov – ISOLDE,

9. Peculiarity of the neutrino properties in the electron capture process
Super-low neutrino energies
Monochromatic neutrinos
Localized position of the neutrino source
Possible variety of relevant capture candidates
Possibility for both “on-line” and “off-line”
measurements with samples produced by
accelerators or reactors
Yu. Novikov – ISOLDE,

10. of nuclides are of paramount importance
Peculiarities of the neutrino in ε-capture allows one to undertake the following measurements:
Neutrino mass
Neutrinoless double-electron capture
Neutrino oscillation length
In all these problems the precise mass measurements
of nuclides are of paramount importance
Yu. Novikov -ISOLDE,

11. Neutrino mass

12. History of m measurements
163Ho
37Ar & 22Na
163Ho 3H
163Ho
193Pt 3H 3H
187Re 3H 3H 3H
Yu. Novikov - ISOLDE,

13. Do we need to measure the neutrino mass since the antineutrino mass limit is known?
Yes !
To confirm the results taken from tritium measurements (with completely different systematic uncertainties).
To check the conservation of CPT:
mν = mνˉ ?
significant difference might be expected because of the small size of the neutrino mass
Yu. Novikov- ISOLDE,

14. How can we derive the neutrino mass from electron-capture ?
First attempts:
J. Andersen et al. Phys. Lett. B 113 (1982) 72
B. Jonson et al. Nucl.Phys. A 396 (1983) 479c
S. Yasumi et al. Phys. Lett.B 181 (1986) 169
P.T. Springer et al. Phys. Rev. A 35 (1987) 679
First approach
Total capture probability for allowed transition:
Capture ratios for '2' and '1' atomic levels:
, where Wi = Qε - Bi
(i = 1,2)
η can be determined from – ratio, where
Penning trap
Calorimeter
Calorimeter + Spectroscopy
Yu. Novikov -ISOLDE,

15. Dependence of neutrino mass value on Qe and λM2/λM1 for 163Ho-decay
Yu. Novikov- ISOLDE,

16. Precise measurements of both QEC and
How can we derive the neutrino mass from electron-capture ? Second approach
Precise measurements of both QEC and
calorimetric spectrum for the atomic de-excitation
Yu. Novikov – ISOLDE,

17. Ultra-precise mass measurements

18. Principle of Penning Trap Mass SpectrometryB
Cyclotron frequency:
PENNING trap
Strong homogeneous
magnetic field
Weak electric 3D
quadrupole field
ring
electrode
end cap
Frans Michel
Penning
Hans G.
Dehmelt
Typical frequencies
q = e, m = 100 ,
B = 6 T
 f- ≈ 1 kHz
f+ ≈ 1 MHz
q/m
(courtesy of K. Blaum)
Yu. Novikov - ISOLDE,

19. Time-of-flight Measurements
magnetic moment of the ion
gradient of the magnetic field
translation from radial
to axial energy
(courtesy of K. Blaum)
Yu. Novikov – ISOLDE,

20. Comparison of the mass-resolving power for different modern mass-spectrometers
Storage ring (ESR) at GSI, Schottky mass-spectrometry
Penning-traps
ISOLTRAP,
LEBIT, TITAN,
SHIPTRAP,
JYFLTRAP…
FaNtOME (MPI)
HITRAP (GSI)
MATS (FAIR)
M/ΔM
(for А=100)
3·106
107
1·1011 δM
30 keV
100 eV
1 eV
Yu. Novikov- ISOLDE,

21. … in new lab Nr.2 (PENTATRAP) at MPI-K (courtesy of S. Eliseev)
We aim for dQ (163Ho → 163Dy) ≈1 eV; (dm/m) < 10-11
Nuclide
Relative uncertainty
Reference
4He
1.6*10-11
R.S. Van Dyck et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 (2004)
13C2H2 – 14N2
7*10-12
S. Rainville et al., Science 303 (2004) 334.
32S
5.0*10-11
W. Shi et al., Phys. Rev. A 72 (2005)
16O
1.1*10-11
R.S. Van Dyck et al., Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 251 (2006) 231.
28Si
2.2*10-11
M. Redshaw et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 (2008)
129,132Xe
~10-10
M. Redshaw et al., Phys. Rev. A 79 (2009)
Existing Penning Traps
PENTATRAP
stable nuclides
light masses
closed systems
radiactive, highly charged nuclides
masses up to Uranium
open system
Improvement of accuracy by more than one order of magnitude !!!
Sergey Eliseev , SFB-Meeting,

22. Concept of the PENTA-TRAP (a “ping-pong” Penning-trap)

23. STEP 1: Loading the traps
Monitoring B-field
Monitoring B-field
Storage of reference ion
investigated or reference ion
Measurement of
Storage of investigated ion
- investigated ion
reference ion Courtesy of S. Eliseev

24. STEP 1: Measurement of reference ion
(B-field is measured constantly)
TRAP:
Monitoring B-field
Monitoring B-field
Storage of reference ion
investigated or reference ion
Measurement of
Storage of investigated ion
- investigated ion
- reference ion

25. STEP 2: Switching to investigated ion
(B-field is measured constantly)
TRAP:
Monitoring B-field
Monitoring B-field
Storage of reference ion
investigated or reference ion
Measurement of
Storage of investigated ion
- investigated ion
- reference ion

26. STEP 3: Measurement of investigated ion
(B-field is measured constantly)
TRAP:
Monitoring B-field
Monitoring B-field
Storage of reference ion
investigated or reference ion
Measurement of
Storage of investigated ion
- investigated ion
- reference ion

27. STEP 4: Switching to reference ion
(B-field is measured constantly)
TRAP:
Monitoring B-field
Monitoring B-field
Storage of reference ion
investigated or reference ion
Measurement of
Storage of investigated ion
- investigated ion
- reference ion

28. STEP 5: Measurement of reference ion
(B-field is measured constantly)
TRAP:
Monitoring B-field
Monitoring B-field
Storage of reference ion
investigated or reference ion
Measurement of
Storage of investigated ion
- investigated ion
- reference ion

29. A sketch of PENTATRAP at MPI-K (Heidelberg)

30. PENTATRAP-project at MPI-K (Heidelberg) courtesy of K. Blaum

31. High resolution cryogenic bolometers

32. Low temperature micro-calorimeters
x-ray
Temperature rise upon absorption:
thermometer
Recovery time:
thermal link
absorber
thermal bath
Operation at low temperatures (T<100mK):
small heat capacity
large temperature change
small thermal noise
(courtesy of A. Fleischmann)
Yu. Novikov – ISOLDE,

33. Metallic magnetic cryogenic calorimetersB
Magnetic Field
Energy
Very simple theory :
Sensor material consists of magnetic moments only
2 level systems
Zeeman like energy splitting E = mB
 1.5 eV
Energy deposition of 100 keV
Number of flips  1011
Change of magnetic moment
(courtesy of L. Gastaldo)
Yu. Novikov – ISOLDE,

34. Energy resolution and lineariry of the magnetic calorimeter (courtesy of L. Gastaldo)
Counts
Energy
Energy
Counts
Energy

35. The best candidate for mν-measurement
T1/2=4.57 ky
Qε= keV
Yu. Novikov -ISOLDE,

36. “Calorimetric” spectra simulated for 163Ho
Yu. Novikov – ISOLDE,

37. Shapes for “calorimetric” lines of 163Ho→163Dy for Qε=2580 eV
Yu. Novikov – ISOLDE,

38. Calorimetric spectrum dS/dEC and
"figure of merit"
-is electron binding energy for the hole "h"
A. De Rujula and M. Lusignoli
Yu. Novikov – ISOLDE,

39. "Figure of merit" q for different Qε and m 163Ho→163Dy
Yu. Novikov – ISOLDE,

40. Data acquisition time T for S=50 events at the edge
Neutrino mass, eV
Figure of merit q
Rate×n (detectors) / s
Expected T, days 2
5·105
60-600 10
5·104
5·103
1-10
6-60
Yu. Novikov – ISOLDE,

41. Advantages of cryogenic micro-calorimeters
Very high energy resolution (σE ≈ 1 eV for Е ≈ 1 keV).
Very small internal background due to small detector dimensions (≈ 100 μ).
Due to long impulse rise (≈ 1 μs), all the atomic (molecular) de-excitations, being shorter than ns, are detected.
As the source is inside the absorber, energy losses in the source (most important in the tritium experiments) have no meaning.
Small detector dimensions allow the use of a multi-detector system, which avoids pile-up background.
Yu. Novikov – ISOLDE,

42. Comparison of ν-detectors weights
ktons
50; Super-K (Japan)
5.5; Minos (Minnesota)
1; SNO (Ontario), KamLAND (Japan)
0.8; MiniBooNE (Illinois)
0.006; Elephant
10-8; Microcalorimeter
Super-K
Microcal.
~ 5·109
Yu. Novikov – ISOLDE,

43. Search for new candidates

44. Candidates with evaluated QEC<100 keV
Qε=(69±14) keV
T1/2=444 y
En=(-12±14) keV
194Hg 0+
194Au K 1-
Electron capture
Qε (keV)
Method
Group
194Hg→194Au
≈35
from T1/2
ISOLDE (1981)
30±40
Schottky
ESR-GSI (2005)
69±14
28±3
Evaluation
Measurement
AME (2003)
ISOLTRAP/ CERN (2008)
202Pb→202Tl
55±20
X-ray spectroscopy
Argon (1954)
and AME (2003)
50±15
Evaluation with the revised value for Qε=35±25 keV of Yale (1971)
Qε=2.6 keV
T1/2=4.57 ky
En≈0.55 keV
Qε=(50±15) keV
T1/2=50 ky
En≈(-35±15) keV
202Pb 0+
202Tl L1 2-
Yu. Novikov –ISOLDE,

45. Nuclides with the smallest ε-energies
Yu. Novikov – ISOLDE,

46. What should be measured for possible candidates?
Yu. Novikov - ISOLDE,

47. Neutrino in double capture

48. Resonant neutrinoless double-capture
(Z,A)
(Z-1,A)
(Z-2,A) Г εε
Qεε
Bi(2)
Bj(1)
Yu. Novikov – ISOLDE,

49. Candidates for resonant neutrinoless double-capture
εε- transition
Qεε (keV)
E=Eγ+B1+B2 (keV)
Δ=Qεε-E (keV)
First prediction
74Se+74Ge
1209.7(6)
(1)(γ+L1+L2)
2.6±0.6
D. Frekers (2005)
112Sn+112Сd
1919(4)
1925.6(2)(γ+K+K)
-6.6±4.0
J. Bernabeu et al.,
(1983)
152Gd+152Sm
54.6(12)
56.26(K+L1)
54.28(L1+K)
-1.6±1.2
-0.32±1.20
Z. Sujkowski and
S. Wycech (2004)
164Er+164Dy
23.7(21)
19.01(L1+L1)
4.7±2.1
“—————”
Yu. Novikov – ISOLDE,

50. Neutrino oscillation length

51. Neutrino oscillations
Yu. Novikov – ISOLDE,

52. Length L32 for neutrino oscillations
Yu. Novikov – ISOLDE,

53. Neutrino mass scale
(from P.Vogel)
Yu. Novikov – ISOLDE,

54. The principle features of the TPC
Courtesy of Y. Giomataris and J. Vergados
Yu. Novikov – ISOLDE,

57. Possible candidates for neutrino oscillometry
Yu. Novikov – ISOLDE,

58. 55Fe 193Pt 163Ho 179Ta 157Tb http://www.unine.ch/phys/corpus/
Yu. Novikov – ISOLDE,

59. List of nuclides whose masses are of importance for neutrinoscopy

60. Neutrino oriented programme of mass measurements of nuclides at ISOLDE

61. First steps in implementation

62. First steps implemented
FaNtOME – conception for Facility for Neutrino Oriented Mass Exploration, based on a 5-Penning trap spectrometer PENTATRAP, has been elaborated at MPI-K (Heidelberg).
Careful analysis of possible pile-up background for 163Ho-decay in the calorimetric spectrum has been performed.
Investigation of influence of implantation process from ISOLDE separator to the properties of µ-absorbers started in KIP (Heidelberg).
The background for micro-calorimeter was measured in the keV-region. The result 0.1 events/10 days, obtained in Genova-Uni, opens very promising possibility to implement long-term measurements.
Experiments to search for new candidates for neutrino mass determination by electron capture are prepared at CERN(ISOLTRAP). New result of Qε for194Hg has already been obtained.
Yu. Novikov – ISOLDE,

63. Problems, which hopefully can be solved
For traps
Systematic uncertainty in the Penning trap measurements
(can be solved by use of a 5 Penning trap system)
For bolometers
Perturbations to decay rates and spectra in the calorimetric absorbers (effect can be measured by using an external source)
Pile-up background in the calorimeters
(can be measured independently)
For oscillometers
Strong neutrino source production
Large dimensions of the detection environment
Yu. Novikov – ISOLDE,

64. "Rome was not built in a day"
We are eager to overcome forthcoming
difficulties, meanwhile the physics
community should be patient to long-term
efforts and should be keenly aware that
"Rome was not built in a day"
Yu. Novikov – ISOLDE,

65. Conclusions
Neutrino precise mass measurements and search for the resonant double capture process candidates can be performed via FANtOME and microcalorimetric cryogenic projects.
Prerequisite to success in neutrino mass, εε and L32 determination are careful nuclear and atomic spectroscopy measurements.
Yu. Novikov – ISOLDE,

66. Collaboration NeMOs
MPI-K, Heidelberg ─ (K. Blaum and S. Eliseev)
GSI -- (H.-J. Kluge, F. Herfurth and M. Block)
University, Genoa ─ (F. Gatti)
KIP, Uni-Heidelberg -- (C. Enss, A. and L. Fleischmann)
PNPI and University, St.Petersburg ─
(Yu. Novikov, A. Vasiliev and V. Schabaev)
ISOLDE, CERN ─ (A. Herlert, K. Johnston and ISOLDE collaboration)
JYFLTRAP (J. Äystö and Jokinen)
CEA, Saclay -- (Y. Giomataris)
University, Ioannina -- (J.D. Vergados) ……
Expected cost of NeMOs program (Neutrino mass and oscillometry) is ≈ 20 M€
Yu. Novikov – ISOLDE,

67. ν Fortes Fortuna juvat !!! Nuclear Physics High Energy Physics Atomic
Astro
Physics
Particle
Physics
Fortes Fortuna juvat !!!
Yu. Novikov – ISOLDE,