1. BTY100-Lec#1.1
Origin of Life

2. Outline Understanding LIFE Origin of Life
Spontaneous Generation and its Examples
Challenging Spontaneous Generation: Theories

3. Biology Understanding Life What is LIFE?
The condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter.
It includes
the capacity for growth,
reproduction, functional activity,
and continual change preceding death.
This study of life and its properties is called……..
Biology

4. Understanding biology…..why???

5. Have you ever wondered? What are you made up of? How your body works?
How do we grow?
Why do we fall ill?
How we react to diseases?
How you resemble or differ from other people such as your sisters, brothers and parents?
Knowledge of Biology helps us to explore answers of such questions

6. Lets check the pitch before we actually start answering all those questions!!!

7. Origin of Life The theory of Spontaneous Generation
Also called Abiogenesis
Idea that living things can arise from nonliving matter
Idea lasted almost 2000 years
Conclusions based on untested observations

8. Examples of Spontaneous Generation

9. Example #1
Observation: Every year in the spring, the Nile River flooded areas of Egypt along the river, leaving behind nutrient-rich mud that enabled the people to grow that year’s crop of food. However, along with the muddy soil, large numbers of frogs appeared that weren’t around in drier times

10. Conclusion: It was perfectly obvious to people back then that muddy soil gave rise to the frogs.

11. Mice came from the moldy grain.
Sewage and garbage turned into the rats.

12. Challenging Spontaneous Generation

13. Francesco Redi’s Experiment (1668)
In 1668, Francesco Redi, an Italian physician, did an experiment with flies and wide-mouth jars containing meat.

14. Experimental Protocol
Redi used open & closed flasks which contained meat.
His hypothesis was that rotten meat does not turn into flies.

15. Redi’s (1626-1697) Observations and Evidences
He observed these flasks to see in which one(s) maggots would develop.
He found that if a flask was closed with a lid so adult flies could not get in, no maggots developed on the rotting meat within.
In a flask without a lid, maggots soon were seen in the meat because adult flies had laid eggs and more adult flies soon appeared.
Evidence against spontaneous generation: 1. Unsealed – maggots on meat 2. Sealed – no maggots on meat 3. Gauze – few maggots on gauze, none on meat

16. Redi’s (1626-1697)`Results: Results of Redi’s Experiments
The results of this experiment disproved the idea of spontaneous generation for larger organisms.
but people still thought small organisms bacteria could arise that way.

17. Challenging Abiogenesis: John Needham

18. John Needham (1745)
Showed that microorganisms flourished in various soups that had been exposed to the air.
Claimed that there was a “life force” present in the molecules of all inorganic matter, including air and the oxygen in it, that could cause spontaneous generation to occur

19. Needham’s Experiment

20. Needham’s Results
Needham’s experiments seemed to support the idea of spontaneous generation
People didn’t realize bacteria were already present in Needham’s soups
Needham didn’t boil long enough to kill the microbes.

21. Lazzaro Spallanzani’s (1765)
He constructed his own experiment by placing broth in each of two separate bottles.
Boiling the broth in both bottles, then sealing one bottle and leaving the other open.
Days later, the unsealed bottle was teeming with small living things that he could observe more clearly with the newly invented microscope.
The sealed bottle showed no signs of life. 
Later, he broke the seals & the soups became cloudy with microbes.

22. Spallanzani’s Results

23. Critics said sealed vials did not allow enough air for organisms to survive and that prolonged heating destroyed “life force”
Therefore, spontaneous generation remained the theory of the time

24. The Theory Finally Changes

25. The Final Blow!!
By 1860, the debate had become so heated that the Paris Academy of Sciences offered a prize for any experiments that would help resolve this conflict
The prize was claimed in 1864 by Louis Pasteur, as he published the results of an experiment he did to disprove spontaneous generation in microscopic organisms.

26. Louis Pasteur ( )

27. Pasteur's Experiment
Hypothesis: Dust particles in the air contains microbes; they are not formed from air itself.
Pasteur put broth into several special S-shaped flasks
Each flask was boiled and placed at various locations.

28. Pasteur's Experiment - Step 1
S-shaped Flask (Swan-neck flask)
Filled with broth
The special shaped was intended to trap any dust particles containing bacteria

29. Pasteur's Experiment - Step 2
Flasks boiled
Microbes Killed

30. Pasteur's Experiment - Step 3
Flask left at various locations
Did not turn cloudy
Microbes not found
Notice the dust that collected in the neck of the flask

31. Pasteur's Experimental Results

32. CONCLUSION
There is something(life form) in the air to which when the broth was exposed, it turned cloudy.
The broth itself did not convert into microorganisms.

33. The Theory of Biogenesis
Pasteur’s S-shaped flask kept microbes out but let air in.
Proved microbes only come from other microbes (life from life) - biogenesis
Figure 1.3

34. Current Thinking about Origin of Life
Extra-terrestrial origin: given by Arrhenius
His concept Panspermia hypothesized that life arose outside the Earth and the living things were transported to earth to seed the planet.
Chemical evolution: life originated from natural chemical processes which can be observed and evaluated experimentally.
Inorganic matter->organic matter-> living forms
Role of meteorites
Special creation. Life-forms may have been put on earth by supernatural or divine forces. The theory of special creation, that a divine God created life is at the core of most major religions.
Extraterrestrial origin. Life may not have originated on earth at all; instead, life may have infected earth from some other planet.The theory of panspermia proposes that meteors or cosmic dust may have carried significant amounts of complex organic molecules to earth, kicking off the evolution of life. Hundreds of thousands of meteorites and comets are known to have slammed into the early earth, and recent findings suggest that at least some may have carried organic materials. Nor is life on other planets ruled out.
Spontaneous origin. Life may have evolved from inanimate matter, as associations among molecules became more and more complex.

35. Origin of life on Earth Proper temp for water in liquid state.
Earlier Earth lacked oxygen: necessary for generation of organic molecules.
High atmospheric temperature of early Earth.
When life first appeared on earth, the environment was very hot. All of the spontaneous origin hypotheses assume that the organic chemicals that were the building blocks of life arose spontaneously at that time.

36. The “Big Bang” and Origin of Earth
Universe began as a very dense mass of matter.
Exploded in a big bang about 13 billion years ago.
Original Universe consisted of atoms of H and He.
Gravitation led to formation of stars and solar system
Earth formed about 4.6 billion years ago: Hadean Eon (Hellish!!!)
Reducing Environment: no Oxygen was present initially.
Cooling led to condensation.

37. Steps needed to produce life from inorganic molecules
Organic molecules must be formed from inorganic molecules
Simple organic molecules must combine to form large organic molecules.
A molecule must serve as genetic material.
Some molecules must act as enzymes.
Genetic material must be self replicating.
All molecules should be enclosed in a membrane.
Source of energy to survive.

38. Formation of first organic molecule

39. The Oparin-Haldane theory
1920s: J.B.S. Haldane and Aleksander Oparin independently set forth ideas concerning the conditions required for the origin of life on Earth.
Organic molecules could be formed from abiogenic materials in the presence of an external energy source (e.g., ultraviolet radiation) and primitive atmosphere was reducing (having very low amounts of free oxygen) and contained ammonia and water vapour, among other gases.
First life-forms appeared in the warm, primitive ocean and were heterotrophic.

40. REDUCING ATMOSPHERE
A/o oxygen allowed these organic molecules to remain and combine with each other.
In present environment the organic molecules are either consumed by organisms or oxidized into simpler inorganic molecules.

41. Urey-Miller Experiment
1953 American chemists Harold C. Urey and Stanley Miller tested the Oparin-Haldane theory .
Successfully produced organic molecules from some of the inorganic components thought to have been present on prebiotic Earth.
Combined warm water with a mixture of four gases—water vapour, methane, ammonia, and molecular hydrogen—and pulsed the “atmosphere” with electrical discharges.
The different components were meant to simulate the primitive ocean, the prebiotic atmosphere, and heat (in the form of lightning), respectively.
One week later Miller and Urey found that simple organic molecules, including amino acids (the building blocks of proteins), had formed under the simulated conditions of early Earth.

42. http://highered. mcgraw-hill

43. First Life forms
Prebionts: Non living structures that led to first living cells.
Formed of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and Nucleic acids.

44. Towards Complexity Additional steps required:
Proteins must become catalysts of cells
Development of genetic material
Must have away to obtain energy.

45. When did the first humans appear on earth?
Scientifically speaking, human is any creature of the genus homo, which means 2.2 million years ago with the appearance of Homo Habillis. If you mean Homo Sapiens then estimates range from 250,000 years ago to 160,000 years ago. But if you mean fully developed humans that spoke had developed advanced culture etc. Then it may be as recent as 10,000 years ago.

46. http://evolution. berkeley. edu/evosite/evo101/IIE2bDetailsoforigin

47. Next Class: Evolution