1. Photography Lab

2. Lab 11: Photography (I) Taking a Picture – Proper Exposure
Film Sensitivity – ISO
F-Number (F-Stop)
Shutter and Exposure Time
Light Meters
Choice of Exposure Time vs. F-Number
Take a Picture and Develop the Film

3. Lab 12: Photography (II) Making an Enlargement The Enlarger
Photographic Paper
Exposing a Test Strip
Developing the Test Strips
Making the Enlargement

4. Lab 11 & 12: Precautions
Lighting units are equipped with unprotected halogen lamps
Do NOT touch the bulbs at all times
Avoid prolonged skin contact with the developer chemicals
Use tongs to minimize the exposure
Wash your hands after you are done with developing films and prints

5. Processes and Timeline
Take pictures with proper exposure on film
20 ~ 30 min (lab)
Develop and fix negative image on film
20 ~ 30 min (dark room)
Dry film / Write up
Make enlargements of negative images
20 ~ 30 min (dark rooms with enlargers)

6. What do we look for? Good picture (for us)
planes of focus on right objects
proper exposure of film & photographic paper
right amount of light illuminates film or photographic paper for right amount of time

7. Proper Exposure Film needs proper illumination, I
amount of light on film = I
amount of light controlled by
f-stop, f/
exposure time, T
L: amount of light reflected by the object being photographed and transmitted by the camera lens.

8. Film Speed f/ Exposure Time
Basic Concepts
Film Speed f/
Exposure Time

9. Camera
Iris aperture
Shutter
Film
Lens f/
Exposure Time

10. Film Sensitivity (ISO)50
100
200
400
800
1600
3200
2  more sensitive
22 = 4  more sensitive
222 = 8  more sensitive
Slower Film
Needs Lots of Light
Higher Resolution
smaller ISO
Faster Film
Needs Less Light
Lower Resolution
larger ISO

11. Films 4"  5" Orthochromatic films Insensitive to red light
ISO 40 ~ 80 (Tungsten ~ daylight)
4"  5"

12. F-Number (F-Stop) D = 2 cm D = 1 cm Diameter A =  cm2 A = /4 cm2 A/4
f: focal length of lens
D: diameter of aperture
D = 2 cm
D = 1 cm
Diameter
A =  cm2
A = /4 cm2
A/4
4  less light
f/8
f/4
Example:
2  f/

13. F-Number (F-Stop) 1 1.4 2 2.8 4 5.6 8 11 16 22 32 smaller f/ larger f/
2  less light
4  less light
8  less light
smaller f/
Larger Aperture
More Light
Smaller Depth of Field
Smaller Aperture
Less Light
Larger Depth of Field
larger f/

14. 2  less light on film for the same aperture size
Exposure Time
1 sec
2  shorter
1/2 sec
2  less light on film for the same aperture size

15. Exposure Time Numbers on camera 2  less light 4  less light
Units: second
Numbers on camera
2  less light
4  less light
8  less light
Longer Exposure Time
Slower Shutter Speed
Slower or Stationary Object
Passes More Light
Faster Shutter Speed
Captures Action
Passes Less Light
Shorter Exposure Time

16. Taking Picture

17. Take Picture – Proper Exposure
Important parameters
Film Sensitivity (in our case: ISO 40)
f/ (Depth of Field)
Exposure Time (Object Motion)
Light meter determines the proper combination of f/ and exposure time

18. Inverse of "Exposure Time"
Using Light Meter
Inverse of "Exposure Time"
f-number
ISO button
Diffuser
Set ISO and exposure time
Measure ambient light near object
Slide the diffuser over until the photodetector is covered
Control illumination using the lighting units
Measure direct light from object
With the exposed photodetector surface normal toward object
At close distance from the object
Near the camera lens
If both are similar, use the settings read near the camera lens
If not, good luck... or add more lighting as needed
Read f/
Change to desired f/ or exposure time

19. Film Cassette Load 4"  5" sheet film Double sided
Load in total darkness or under indirect KODAK 1A filtered safelight
Emulsion side facing “dark slide”
Double sided
Load up to two films on one cassette
Emulsion Side
flip open
Use reverse side of dark slide to indicate the film is exposed to light
Black Strip for exposed film
dark slide
White strip for unexposed film
45 Film Holder by Fidelity manufacturing company, Sun Valley Ca.

20. Using Camera Arrange object Use light meter Setup camera Load cassette
Open shutter
Set the smallest f/
Focus better on subject
Focus image on ground-glass plate
Set f/ & exposure time
Arrange perfect picture
Close shutter
Load cassette
Insert cassette
Remove dark slide on the object side
Take picture
Unload cassette
Flip and replace dark slide cover
Lock dark slides
Image retrieved on April 23, 2005 from

21. Developing Negatives

22. Develop Negatives Developer Stop bath Fixer Wash 1 Wash 2 (aide)
Chemical reaction precipitates silver on film – creates contrast
Removes emulsion
Stop bath
Stops chemical reaction on developing film
Fixer
Makes the developed image permanent
Wash 1
Rinses off most of excess chemicals (running water)
Wash 2 (aide)
Accelerates removal of residual Fixer solution (Permawash)
Wash 3 (aide)
Rinses off any excess chemicals (running water), or
Promotes faster drying (Photo-Flo, standing water)

23. Film Developing Trays film goes through all trays in the order
Developer
~ 5 min
Stop Bath
~ 30 sec
Fixer
~ 4 min
Wash 1
Wash 2
Wash 3
~ 1 min
share with print development

24. Making Enlargements

25. Enlarger Beseler 45 MXT Two interchangeable lenses
Light Source
Condenser
Negative
Enlarging Lens
& Aperture
Photographic Paper o i
Beseler 45 MXT
Two interchangeable lenses
ƒ/5.6 to 32 ( for ƒ = 135mm)
ƒ/4 to 22 (for ƒ = 80mm)
Three independent controls for i, o and focus (both i, o)
To change magnification, M=i/o
o + i = 80 cm max.
Image taken from Beseler web site.

26. Making an Enlargement Make test strips Expose paper Develop print
Measure proper exposure time for your film-paper combination
Expose paper
Use full exposure time
Develop print
Go through print developing trays

27. Make Test Strips
Measure proper exposure time for particular film & paper combination
e.g. 2~4 sec with f/5.6
Focus using the smallest f/ (largest aperture diameter)
This gives the brightest light and the smallest depth of focus
If possible, expose with the largest f/ (smallest aperture diameter)
The exposure time must be long enough for the light bulb to reach the maximum temperature for the full intensity
8"  10"
4~6 test strips
4.5 s
4.0 s
3.5 s
3.0 s
2.5 s
2.0 s
1.5 s

28. Develop Prints Developer Stop bath Fixer Wash 1 Wash 2 (aide)
stops chemical reaction on developing paper
Fixer
makes the developed print permanent
Wash 1
rinses off most of excess chemicals (running water)
Wash 2 (aide)
accelerates removal of residual Fixer solution (Permawash)
Wash 3 (aide)
rinses off any excess chemicals (running water), or
promotes faster drying (Phot-Flo, standing water)

29. Print Developing Trays
paper goes through all trays in the order
Developer
~ 1 min
Stop Bath
~ 10 sec
Fixer
~ 2 min
Wash 1
~ 30 sec
Wash 2
Wash 3
share with film development

30. Lab 11 & 12: Notes Demonstrate Using Camera (slide) part to students
Use the demo cartridge loaded with exposed film on two sides
Apply the basic concepts – illumination, focal plane, ISO number, exposure time and ƒ/ – introduced in lecture