1. Descriptive biochemistry
Lívius Wunderlich, Ph.D.
2017

2. The chemical composition of living organisms

3. The chemical composition of living organisms

4. The building blocks of the life

5. Monomers - polymers

6. Polymerisation is energy-dependent

7. Carbohydrates
(C + H2O)n
Monosaccharides, disaccharides,
polysaccharides

8. Monosaccharides: trioses, pentoses, hexoses
glyceraldehide
3-phosphate
glyceraldehide
dihydroxyacetone-
phosphate
dihydroxyacetone
2-deoxy-D-ribose

9. Monosaccharides: the glucose

10. α-D-glucose
β-D-glucose
α-D-galactose
β-D-galactose
α-D-fructose
β-D-fructose
α-D-mannose
β-D-mannose

11. Disaccharides

12. lactose
β-D galactose + glucose
saccharose
β-D glucose + fructose
cellobiose
β-D glucose + glucose
maltose
α-D glucose + glucose

15. Polysaccharides

16. Polysaccharides: Glycogen

17. Polysaccharides: Glycogen
???

18. Hydrophobic charasteristics (or, partially)
Lipides
Fat and Oil
Physical property:
Hydrophobic charasteristics (or, partially)
Cell membranes, energy storages,
some of the hormones, detergents
Triglycerides, phospholipides,
steroids, eikosanoids

19. Fatty acides

20. The most important fatty acids
palmitic acid
stearic acid
palmitoleic acid
oleic acid
linoleic acid
linolenic acid
arachidonic acid

21. The most important esters of fatty acids
Triglycerides
Phospholipides
Unsaturated
Saturated

22. Saturated and unsaturated triglycerides

23. Fat droplet in fat cells

24. Fat droplets in fat cells

25. Phospholipides: Phosphatidylcholine

27. trigliceride
phosphatydilethanolamine
phosphatydilcholine
phosphatydilserine
phosphatydilinositol

28. Phospholipid membrane

31. Phospholipid membrane

32. Phospholipid membrane

34. ???

35. Proteins
Structural proteins, enzymes
Building blocks: α-amino acids

36. Zwitterions

38. Forming a peptide bond

39. Primary structure: the sequence of the chain

40. The rigidity of peptide bond
???

41. The secondary structure of proteins
Formation of intramolecular hydrogen bonds
between O and H atoms of the amide bonds
generate regular structures such as α-helices
or β-sheets
(4. tétel)

42. Formation of α-helix

43. Formation of α-helix

44. Formation of β-sheet

45. Formation of β-sheet

46. Formation of β-sheet

47. Protein domains
???

48. The tertiary structure of proteins:
3D structure
Determined mostly by the side-chains
S-S bonds, H-bonds, electrostatic attraction,
hydrophilic and hydrophobic connections

50. Formation of disulfide bonds

51. Hydrophilic and hydrophobic side chains

52. Folding with or without help

53. Highly specific binding

54. Formation of macromolecular complexes

55. Quaternary structure of the proteins:
Multi-subunit complexes

56. Quaternary structure of the proteins:
Multi-subunit complexes

57. Slighty different subunits,
highly different proteins

58. Forming of biological structures

59. Some quaternary structures
???

60. Macromolecular connections
Membrane proteines
Lipid-attached proteines
Glykolipides
Lipopolysaccharides
Glikoproteinek
Proteoglycans

61. Membrane proteines

62. Membrane proteines

63. Membrane proteines

66. Various membrane functions

67. Glycolipides, glycoproteines, proteoglycans
???

68. Genetic substance, information transmitter
Nucleic acids
Genetic substance, information transmitter
(enzymatic activity)
RNA, DNA
Building blocks: Nucleotides
monosaccharide + phosphate + organic base

69. adenine, guanine
cytosine, uracil, thymine
2-deoxyribose, ribose
deoxyadenosine
triphosphate

70. High-energy storage: triphosphates

73. Hybridisation via H-bonds

75. Deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA-s)
Store and inherit the genetic information
Double-stranded helix
Antiparalel strands
2-deoxyribose
A, C, T, G

77. Ribonucleic acids (RNA-s)
Reading and copying
the genetic
information
(storing, inheriting
other functions)
single stranded
ribose
A, C, U, G

79. Connections of proteines and nucleic acids

80. Connections of proteines and nucleic acids

81. Connections of proteines and nucleic acids
???