1. Start... 1

2. Rocket Power Aerospace Technology
"Space Shuttle." Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia. CD-ROM, "The two SRB's, with their combined thrust of some 26,000,000 N provide most of the power for the first 2 min. of flight. The SRB's take the space shuttle to an altitude of 45 km (45,000 m)" 9.75 GW
(SRBs only)
Solid Rocket Boosters. NSTS Shuttle Reference Manual (1988). NASA. "Each booster has a thrust (sea level) of approximately 3,300,000 pounds at launch. They are ignited after the three space shuttle main engines' thrust level is verified. The two SRBs provide 71.4 percent of the thrust at lift- off and during first-stage ascent." 13.7 GW (total)
Aerospace Technology 2

3. Summary Slide 1.0 History 2.0 Rocket Fundamentals
3.0 Propulsion Systems
4.0 Rocket Classification
5.0 Conclusion

4. 1.0 History Archytas The Chinese Wan Hu War of 1812 Tsiolkovsky Oberth
Goddard
Von Braun 4

5. Archytas Greek Mathematician (400 b.c.)
Developed a wooden pigeon that was suspended by wires and propelled by steam
It utilized the action reaction law not written until 17th century

6. The Chinese 11th Century- simple rocket with gunpowder
They were called “Fire Arrows”
This marked the true dawn of rocketry

7. Wan Hu Ancient legend (1500’s) Rigged 2 kites 47 rockets to a chair
47 Assistants to light
When the smoke cleared - Wan Hu was gone
.(Illustration courtesy of United States Civil Air Patrol)

8. Sir Isaac Newton Late 1700’s English Physicist and mathemetician
Laid the scientific foundations for modern rocketry
He formulated laws of motion and gravitation

9. War of 1812
British used rockets that were made by William Congreve to strike Fort McHenry
The Rocket is called the congreve rocket
“Rockets Red Glare”

10. Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
Russian who worked on rocket theory and design
Deaf from scarlet fever
Inspired from Jules Vern
Wrote about gyroscopes, escape velocities, and the use of liquid propellant rockets.
remembered for believing in the dominance of humanity throughout space, also known as anthropocosmismellants

11. Hermann Oberth German physicist, and mathemetician
Inspired by Jules Verne's "From the Earth to the Moon."
1929 he wrote a book called “The Road to Space Travel”
explained how to get rockets out of our atmosphere. Multistage
Notable Scientist rejected his doctoral thesis views on rocketry.

12. Robert Goddard Born in Worcester, Mass. 1882 1915 Solid fuel rockets
1917 Rockets as weapons (WWII Bazooka)
His designs led us to our modern day Rockets.

13. Wernher Von Braun
German that began to work on rockets to carry warheads
Leader of the “Rocket Team” which developed the V-2 ballistic missile for the Nazis during WWII
Wanted to build rockets that would fly from Europe to bomb NYC

14. 2.0 Rocket Fundamentals Rocket Definition Laws How Rockets Work
Newton’s 1st, 2nd, and 3rd law
Pascal’s law
How Rockets Work
Basic Rocket Elements 5

15. Rocket Definition
Any vehicle propelled by ejection of the gases produced by combustion of self-contained propellants. Tremendous pressure is exerted on the walls of the combustion chamber, except were the gas exits at the rear. Thus propulsion.

16. Newton’s 1st Law
States that an object that is not being pushed or pulled by some force will stay still, or will keep moving in a straight line at a steady speed.
The tendency of an object to remain still, or keep moving in a straight line at a steady speed is called inertia.
It is easy to understand that a bike will not move unless something pushes or pulls it. It is harder to understand that an object will continue to move without help. Think of the bike again. If someone is riding a bike and jumps off before the bike is stopped what happens? The bike continues on until it falls over.

17. Newton’s 2nd Law
The Second Law explains how a force acts on an object.
An object accelerates in the direction the force is moving it. If someone gets on a bike and pushes the pedals forward the bike will begin to move.
If someone gives the bike a push from behind, the bike will speed up. If the rider pushes back on the pedals the bike will slow down. If the rider turns the handlebars, the bike will change direction.

18. Newton’s 3rd Law
States that if an object is pushed or pulled, it will push or pull equally in the opposite direction.
If someone lifts a heavy box, they use force to push it up.
The box is heavy because it is producing an equal force downward on the lifter’s arms. The weight is transferred through the lifter’s legs to the floor. The floor presses upward with an equal force.
If the floor pushed back with less force, the person lifting the box would fall through the floor. If it pushed back with more force the lifter would fly into the air.

19. Pascal’s Law
States that when there is an increase in pressure at any point in a confined fluid, there is an equal increase at every other point in the container.
F = PA Force = Pressure x Area
The formulas that relate to this are shown below:
P1 = P2 (since the pressures are equal throughout).
Since pressure equals force per unit area, then it follows that
F1/A1 = F2/A2
It can be shown by substitution that the values shown above are correct,
1 pound / 1 square inches = 10 pounds / 10 square inches
Because the volume of fluid pushed down on the left side equals the volume of fluid that is lifted up on the right side, the following formula is also true.
V1 = V2
by substitution,
A1 D1 = A2 D2 •
A = cross sectional area
D = the distance moved or
A1/A2= D2/D1
This system can be thought of as a simple machine (lever), since force is multiplied.The mechanical advantage can be found by rearranging terms in the above equation to
Mechanical Advantage(IMA) = D1/D2 = A2/A1
For the sample problem above, the IMA would be 10:1 (10 inches/ 1 inch or 10 square inches / 1 square inch).

20. Bernoulli’s Principle
Daniel Bernoulli ( )
As the velocity of a fluid increases the pressure decreases
As the velocity of a fluid decreases the pressure in the fluid increases
D1 diameter of tube in position 1 - inlet
D2 diameter of tube in position 2 - throat
p1 pressure in the position 1 - inlet
p2 pressure in the position 2 - throat
p1 - p2 difference in pressure between the position 1 and 2
ni kinematic viscosity
mi dynamic viscosity
T temperature in the position 1
rho density in the position 1
R gas constant

21. How rockets work? 8

22. Basic Rocket Elements
The elements to the simplest type of rocket are: - structure, - supply of fuel and oxygen, - combustion chamber, - nozzle through which the internally developed gases can escape. 9

23. Basic Rocket Elements 10

24. 3.0 Propulsion Systems Types of Propulsion system Thermodynamic
Solid Propellant
Liquid Propellant
Electrodynamics 11

25. Propulsion systems 12

26. Thermodynamic
In the thermodynamic propulsion system, the propellant is heated to a high temperature and then accelerated through a nozzle.
In this system we will focus on Solid propellant and Liquid propellant. 13

27. Electrodynamic Propulsion
Propellant is ionized and then accelerated with the aid of electric and magnetic fields.
Being propellantless, the vehicle is not limited by the Tsiolkovsky rocket equation and can produce enormous delta-V's of hundreds of km/sec over its operational lifetime
This makes it a leading candidate for in-orbit "trucking" of various payloads, including wholesale debris removal and secondary payload deliveries requiring large plane changes.

28. Solid Propellant
A solid propellant rocket motor consists of a propellant charge in a container fitted with an expansion nozzle and igniter. No moving parts.
There are 2 classes of propellants
Double Base (mostly used today)
Composite 14

29. Solid Propellant 15

30. Our Solid Propellant

31. Liquid Propellant
If the propellant used in a rocket is in a liquid phase, the the system is described as a liquid propellant rocket engine. Also can be shut on and off.
To major types of engines are the pressure- fed and pump-fed. 16

32. Liquid Propellant Pressure-fed system
For low and medium thrust rockets 17

33. Liquid Propellant
Pump-fed
For high thrust rockets 18

34. 4.0 Rocket Classification
Type of application
Type of propellant used
Size of Unit 20

35. Type of Application
Airplane power plant or airplane auxiliary power plant
Assisted take-off unit
Rocket Projectile
Guided missile power plant
Satellite and space vehicles 21

36. Types of propellant used
Liquid Propellant
Solid Propellant
Gaseous Propellant
Combination of liquid, solid, and/or gaseous propellant 22

37. Size of the unit Actual weight (2-30,000 lbs.)
Thrust (1-60,000 pounds)
Duration (seconds - hours)
Thrust to weight Ratio (performance)
Total impulse (product of thrust & duration) 23

38. 5.0 Conclusion
Rocket power has evolved from very simplistic to extremely advanced. Rocket propulsion is used world wide and for a vast amount of applications.
Rocket power can be related the easiest to students through model rocketry. 25

39. End... 26