2. John Calvin
The most important Protestant reformer to follow Martin Luther was John Calvin.
Calvin followed most of the teachings of Martin Luther.
He also preached predestination, the idea that God had long ago determined who would gain salvation.
In 1541, Calvin set up a theocracy in Geneva.
A theocracy is a government run by Church leaders.
By the late 1500s, Calvinism had taken root in Germany, France, the Netherlands, England, and Scotland.
In several of these countries, Calvinists faced opposition and persecution from other religious groups.

3. In England, the Reformation began with the King!
King Henry VIII
The king who had six wives…
He wants a SON!
King Henry’s older brother Arthur (named after the famous tale King Author and the Knights of the Round Table) dies… Author was married to Catherine of Argon (from Spain) before she married Henry. This becomes the grounds for his annulment (because Catherine can’t produce a son). She does however give birth to a daughter named Mary. She later becomes a queen of England and restores the Catholic Church! History knows her as Bloody Mary.
Catherine of Aragon, Henry's first wife.  Catherine, a Princess of Spain, was married to Henry for many years.  Her determination to stay married to Henry, in the face of his desire for Anne Boleyn, would change the course of history forever.
Anne Boleyn, Henry's second wife, and the mother of Queen Elizabeth I.  Henry fell passionately in love with Anne while married to Catherine of Aragon.  He waited several years to marry Anne, but, ironically, lost his desire for her once she became his Queen.
Jane Seymour, Henry's beloved third Queen.  Gentle, capable Jane gave Henry his long-awaited male heir after one year of marriage.  Sadly, she gave her life to do so.
Anne of Cleves, Henry's fourth wife.  This German princess served as Queen for only a few months before she and Henry agreed to divorce by mutual consent.
Katherine Howard, Henry's fifth wife.  Henry's marriage to this sensuous teenager brought him brief happiness, but ended in tragedy. 
Katherine Parr, Henry's sixth Queen.  This intelligent, loyal, forward-thinking Renaissance woman outlived three husbands, including Henry, and went on to finally marry the man of her choice.

5. Protestantism Spreads to England
1509 – Henry VIII becomes king at the age of 17
Devout Catholic
Protested against Luther’s idea
Became the title “Defender of the Faith”
By 1525 – only had 1 child – daughter Mary
Wanted a male heir
Fell in love with Anne Boleyn
Wanted marriage to Catherine annulled
Pope says no (Charles V is Catherine’s nephew) doesn’t want to upset him

6. The Reformation in England
Taking over the Church
Henry is angry over this and takes control of the church himself
Names Thomas Cranmer new archbishop who annuls his marriage to Catherine
Church of England
Henry changed rituals of church very little
Many Catholics are upsets
Closed Catholic monasteries, convents, distributed much of land to nobles and Anglican Church (His Church)
This built more public support for split from Catholic Church
Has a daughter Elizabeth with Anne
Makes himself the “Supreme Head of Church of England”
After Henry VIII
Third wife, Jane Seymour gave England male heir, Edward VI
1547, Edward VI took throne, age 9
Protestantism gained more ground under guidance of his guardians
Edward died young; sister, Mary became queen of England

7. After Edward VI Queen Mary I or “Bloody Mary”
Raised Catholic like her mother Catherine of Aragon
Reestablished the Catholic Church in England.
She killed many protestants and had approximately 300 heretics burned at the stake
Queen Elizabeth I (Ends the House of Tudor)
Wants to stabilize England (1547 – 1558: 3 rulers with three different ideas)
Raised Protestant
1559 – Supremacy Act. Split England from Rome, but she didn’t make herself head of church

9. The Counter Reformation 1530s-1648
The Catholic Church’s Response to the Protestant Reformation

10. The Counter Reformation
The Church had two tactics:
Reform the Church from Within
Council of Trent
Stop the Spread of Protestantism
Water Torture during the Inquisition

11. Reform Within the Church
The Council of Trent ( )
Purpose: The Church held three meetings to discuss reform AND define dogma (official teachings)
Some areas were actually reformed
Called for the education of priests
Improved discipline and administration among the clergy
Indulgences got banned after the Council finished its meetings
But many teachings were not changed, and were instead reinforced; the ideas of the Protestants were rejected
You need faith AND good works to achieve salvation
7 sacraments, not just 2
Bible is written in Latin, not the vernacular language
Pope is supreme leader
Man has free will (your fate is NOT predestined)

12. Stopping the Spread of Protestantism
The Church also tried to prove that it was still a powerful institution, just like it had been in the Middle Ages
It continued to stress its orthodox teachings during the Counter-Reformation, and was usually very intolerant of different ways of thinking.
The Church also took measures to reassert its authority in the following ways:
The Jesuits
Baroque Art
The Inquisition
The Index of Prohibited Books

13. The Society of Jesus: The Jesuits
A religious group founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1540
Promoted education to counter protestants
Ran like a military organization
Famous for missionary work
Also a bit fanatical in their devotion…

14. Baroque Art Dramatic, emotional
Colors were brighter than bright; darks were darker than dark
Painting and sculptures in church should speak to the illiterate
Appeal to Emotions
Reaffirm the church’s role as intermediary between man and god

16. Bernini’s Dome

17. Bernini’s Dome

18. Bernini’s Dome

19. Church of Veltenberg Altar, Germany

20. Altar of Mercy, Germany, 1764

21. Stopping the Spread of Protestantism
Index (List) of Banned Books
Created in 1559 by the Pope
Books were morally correct
Banned both Protestant literature and texts by some intellectuals, like Erasmus
Click on this link to see the list:

22. Was the Counter-Reformation a success
Was the Counter-Reformation a success? How will this impact Europe going forward?
The Church did not win back many of the “lost souls” that had converted to Protestantism…
But, it shed its reputation for corruption and it spread widely through missionary work

23. Effects of the Protestant Reformation
Immediate Effects
Long-Term Effects
Peasants’ Revolt
Founding of Lutheran, Calvinist, Anglican, Presbyterian, and other Protestant churches
Weakening of Holy Roman Empire
Luther calls for Jews to be expelled from Christian lands
Religious wars in Europe
Catholic Reformation
Strengthening of the Inquisition
Jewish migration to Eastern Europe
Increased anti-semitism

24. Political Effects
Rising sense of national identity interwoven with decline in power of Catholic Church
Protestant Reformation indirectly encouraged formation of independent states, nations
Rulers, merchants both wanted church less involved in state, business affairs
Political power became separated from churches
Nations, churches still often aligned with one another to increase influence in a region