1. The Beginning of English America and the Southern Colonies
By: me

2. England gets Involved Protestant Reformation Sir Francis Drake
Newfoundland and Roanoke
The Spanish Armada (1588)
England now had strong, unified state under a powerful monarch
Queen Elizabeth I (1558)- now protestant on throne rivalry with catholic spain intensified.
Spain vs. England
Ireland- first location of this rivalry, catholic irish wanted independence from british crown, had an uprising with panish help, but Elizabeth crushed it- started animosity bw the two countries today.
Drake- encouraged by Elizabeth there were many brits who went out to plunder and attack Spanish ships. Drake is the most famous of these where he went around the wrld stealing Spanish gold and then when back in England was knighted by Elizabeth- Spanish very unhappy
First attempt at colonization was actually supposed to be Newfoundland, but the leader of the expedition Sir Humphrey Gilbert died at see leaving hi hals brother sir Walter Raleigh to organize a different expedition in warmer climates- Roanoke Virginia.
Spanish Armada- british shps were smaller faster and more well maned- easily beating the heavy Spanish fleet- also helped along by a storm that scattered the damaged armada making it impossible for them to regroup- beginning of the end for spain, but just the beg for England

3. Why Colonize? Growing population Sheep and economic depression
Primogeniture
Gilbert, Raleigh, and Drake
Joint-Stock Companies
Investors
Unemployment, adventure, market and religious freedom
Landlords were enclosing their property for sheep grazing, kicking families off who had been there for generations, and then depression hit the wool trade in the late 1500s thousands of farmers and former sheep workers took to he road as drifters causing a lot of trouble for landlords.
Primogenture- land and wealth can only go to the first son.
Joint stock companies- made it possible for these second sons to try to colonize, were the precursor to the modern day corporation.

4. Jamestown 1607 Virginia Company Captain John Smith
“starving time”- winter of
Powhatans and Lord De La Warr
Virginia Company
Gold and passage to indies
Charter- guaranteed English rights
Was only supposed to endure for a few years while looking for gold and a passage
This was their downfall, as while they were looking for gold they often ignored the necessities like learning how to fish and hunt. \
John Smith- took over the colony in 1608 “he who shall not work, shall not eat”
Pocahontas- “saved” john smith after he had been captured by the natives (it was all a show though powhatan was not planning on killing him)
His leadership got them through the starving time- winter of of the first 400 settlers only 60 survived this winter, often being reduced to digging up corpses for food. When Spring came they started packing up and heading to the river only to be met with the relief party headed by John De La Warr- ordered settlers back to Jamestown, and instituted a strict military regime and military action against the natives.
Powhatans- at first powhatan thought the English might be able to help him extend his power over his native rivals, and tried to be accomadating, but lord de la war did not see this as a possible friendship,
First Anglo-Powhatan War- ended with a treaty in sealed with the marriage of Pocohantas
Second Anglo-Powhatan War- in ravaged by disease and land hungry English men the Indians fought back, after several raids and both sides killing many people a treaty was signed in essentially banishing the natives from their land- the roots of the reservation system.

5. Indian’s “New World” Horses Disease
Indian Bands uniting from lost culture
Catwaba
Firearms
Natives farther inland had time and space
Algonquin
Catwaba- a new united native tribe created bc disease and forced migration had scattered their original peoples. This hapaned more often then we care to think- Tibes very rarely wrote things down, so when disease came in and devastated the elder population, all of the oral history was lost- and they had to essentially “re-make” their culture.
Firearms- similar to horses native tribes that had them easily took over native tribes that didn’t, trade also gave natives alcohol, not havng any tolerance to the product it devastated their culture even more.
Algonquin- absorb other native tries that were removed or devastated by Europeans, became powerful and “ruled” the inlnd areas, often requiring Englishmen who wanted to do business conform to their way of life often taking a native bride- passing on their disease resistant genetic code to their native children.

6. Virginia John Rolfe and Tobacco- 1612 1619- first Africans sold
1619- House of Burgesses
1624- charter revoked, became royal colony
John Rolfe- introduced tobacco to Virginia in 1612, and very soon Europe became addicted- causing a tobacco rush over the farming lands of Virginia. This crop was planted in every possible nook and cranny even the streets. Ruins the soil- so continually need more and more land.
1619- first Africans sold in Virginia- records do not indicate whether they were sold for a lifetime of servitude or as servants to serve a set amount of years. Set the seed for African labor in Virginia- but took while to become a popular thing as Africans were very expensive and few could afford them
House of burgesses- “miniature parliament” first representative self governing body on American soil.
James I was not happy with the Virginia company- did not rust the house of burgesses, and did not like tobacco- he revoked their charter and Virginia became a royal colony in 1624

7. Maryland 1634- Lord Baltimore Catholic Haven Tobacco
Act of Toleration (1649)
Act of Toleration- the catholics in Maryland were getting uneasy with the new amount of protestants coming to the new world and feared their new found religious freedom would be taken away. So they passed the Act of Toleration in 1649 which protected any body who recognized the divinity of Christ- but sentencing those that did not to death- effectively creating less tolerance than was previously there

8. West Indies Spain getting lax Jamaica (1655)
Sugarcane- rich man’s crop
1700 Slaves outnumbered English 4:1
Barbados Slave Code (1661)
Carolinas
Spain was weakened by its military overexertion and rebellious Dutch colonies England saw the opportunity to get involved in the carribean and by 1655 it had secured the large Island of Jamaica along with several smaller islands
Sugarcane- required a lot of processing and in order to make a profit you had to grow a lot of it- which required a lot of land clearing all of these things combined required a lot of capital to get started- only the richest of the rich could afford to grow sugarcane. They were not about to do all the work themselves either so the imported more than 250,000 enslaved Africans by 1640, by 1700 slaves outnumbered English 4:1 and in order to control them the English came up with very strict and gruesome slae codes.
Barbados Slave Code gove masters complete control over the person and their body. Including the right to commit vicous punishments for the slightest infractions
Greedy sugar lords began to push out smaller farmes and they went to the Carolinas- where they carried with them those slave codes. They grew mostly food stuffs like rice to be imported to the carribean since almost oll of their land was being used for sugarcane

9. Carolinas English Civil War (1640-1649) Food for West Indies
“Restoration” Colonies
Food for West Indies
Indian Slaves- Savannah Tribe (1707)
Rice!!!
North Carolina (1712)
Repelled by Virginia
Tuscarora War (1711)
Yamasee Indians (1715)
Civil war- Charles I dismissed parliament- then recalled in 1640 super pissed off, Oliver Cromwell took charge and parliament beheaded Charles I. Cromwell ruled for a little bit then Charles II was restored to the throne in all colonies created after this are called restoration colonies.
The English used the savannah tribe to help them explore the interior of the colonies and capture and sell into slavery abt 10,000 natives- sold to Caribbean and the new England colonies. In 1707 the tribe waned to end its agreement with the English and retreated back into the colony of Pennsylvania (most tolerant colony) but the English deicided that couldn’t happen and essentially kille dall the savannah before they could leave
Rice- grown in Africa carolininas were paying high prices for African slaves who knew how to cultivate rce. Africans also immune to malaria so they were the best possible laborers for this region.
NC- created essentially by people who had been kicked out of virginina for one reason or another, in this region they were often squatters with no legal claim to their land and grew their small amount of tobacco on family farms with little need for slaves. Isolated by their coastal geography many Ncinians grew a strong spirit of resistance to authority
Is actually considered most similar to Rhode Island in culture- most independent minded- least aristocratic, of the original 13 colonies.
NC still like the other colonies had its issues with Native tribes- They defeated the Tuscarora in 1711 forcing them to flee north into the Iriquois tribe which they were joined with and became their 6th nation, then they defeated the Yamasee Indians in 1715 essentially destroying the last of the remaining coastal tribes in NA

10. Georgia 1733- last of the colonies Buffer colony James Oglethorpe
At first- no slaves
Debtors colony
Least populous
Buffer- bw the French in Louisiana and the Spanish in Florida,
Oglethorpe- interested in prison reform after one of his friends died in debtors prison, all Christian worshipers except catholics were welcome here. Many missionaries came to this colony to work among debtors and natives (John Wesley was one of them- who then returned to England and started the Methodist church)
Due to its harsh warm climate it did not at first make for a great plantation colony which was helped by its want at first to keep slaves out, it was the least populous colony at the time of the revolution.

11. Southern Colonies Also known as the Plantation Colonies
All had slavery- although some pushed against it, or it was not as popular
All used cash crops- Tobacco or Rice
All had some religious tolerance
All were expansionist- clashing with Natives