1. International Relations
Nazi Soviet Pact 1939

2. “Thus we begin our march into the great German future”
“Thus we begin our march into the great German future”.  Hitler, speaking after the Munich Agreement in 1938.

3. What? No chair for me? (30th September 1938)
Who is this man?
Who are these four men?
What are the men talking about?
What is the significance of the date?
What? No chair for me? (30th September 1938)
Who is saying this and why?

4. To the chancellor of the German Reich, Herr A. Hitler.
I thank you for your letter. I hope that the German-Soviet Non-aggression Pact will mark a decisive turn for the better in the political relations between our two countries
J. Stalin*

5. How do you think Britain and France might react?
Germany and Russia agreed to bury the hatchet; they agreed to bury it in Poland.
BBC TV, Why Appeasement?    
What hint do these two sources give you about the direction of Germany and Russia?
How do you think Britain and France might react?

6. What can you learn from this map?

7. What does this tell you about world relations in 1939?
How it started…
On 23 August, 1939, Russia and Germany suddenly signed a Non-aggression Pact which shocked the world. The two countries also had a secret agreement to invade and divide Poland between them.  
What does this tell you about world relations in 1939?

8. What can an historian learn from Source A about the Nazi-Soviet Pact?
What elements indicate that these two are allied?
What do the storm clouds in the background symbolise?
What indicates that the alliance is not likely to last?
What does the dead figure between them represent?  

9. Britain and Russia’s relationship…
Stalin knew that Hitler’s ultimate aim was to attack Russia. In 1939, he invited Lord Halifax, the British Foreign Secretary to go to Russia to discuss an alliance against Germany. Britain refused. The British feared Russian Communism, and they believed that the Russian army was too weak to be of any use against Hitler.
In August 1939, with war in Poland looming, the British eventually sent a minor official called Reginald Plunckett. He travelled by slow boat, not by plane. He did not have authority to make any decisions, and had to refer every question back to London. The talks dragged on.
The Russians asked if they could send troops into Poland if Hitler invaded. The British refused. The talks broke down.  
SIGNIFICANCE?

10. Why did Anglo-Soviet Talks Fail? (SCAB)
   
Suspicion
a.  Chamberlain did not trust Stalin, who was a Communist and a dictator.
b.  The Russians thought Britain wanted to trick them into war against Germany.
c.  Poland did not trust that the Russians (who wanted to send troops into Poland), once in, would ever leave.     
Choice
a.   Britain could not send troops to fight in Poland, so if Stalin supported Britain, he would end up fighting a war in Poland on Britain’s behalf.
b.   On the other hand, Hitler was promising him peace, and half of Poland.  
Appeasement
After Munich, Stalin was convinced that Britain would break its promise to Poland. He was convinced that Britain would leave Russia fighting Hitler alone.  
Britain delayed
a.   At first, Lord Halifax refused Stalin’s offer of a meeting.
b.   When the British sent an official, he could not make any decisions. Stalin got fed up with British delay.

11. How useful is this source to an historian?
Who do these people represent?
Who is Molotov?
What does the caption imply?

12. Why did the Nazi-Soviet Pact happen? [THUG]
Time to prepare for war
Stalin said: ‘We got peace for our country for 18 months, which let us make military preparations’.
Hope to gain
‘Stalin was sure that Russia could only gain from a long war in which Britain, France and Germany exhausted themselves.’  
Unhappy with Britain
Stalin was insulted by Britain’s slowness to negotiate, and did not trust Britain. When the Anglo-Soviet alliance failed [SCAB], he turned to Germany.  
Germany
Hitler wanted the alliance because only Russia could keep Britain’s promise to defend Poland. He believed that, if he got a promise of peace with Russia, Britain would be forced to back down over Poland and Danzig.

13. Hitler and Russia’s relationship…
In August 1939, Hitler sent Ribbentrop, a senior Nazi, to Russia. He offered a Nazi-Soviet alliance – Russia and Germany would not go to war, but would divide Poland between them.
Stalin knew Hitler was lying, but he did not trust the British either – the Munich Agreement had convinced him that Britain and France would never dare to go to war with Hitler.
Stalin had two choices:
If he made an alliance with Britain, he would end up fighting a war with Hitler over Poland.
If he made an alliance with Germany, he would get half of Poland, and time to prepare for the coming war with Germany.
Stalin chose #2. On 23 August 1939, he signed the Non-Agression Pact with Hitler.  

14. How accurate is the view given in Source B of the Nazi-Soviet Pact?
What elements indicate that they are allied?
What indicates that the alliance is not likely to last?

15. Why would these three men be happy?
Nazi foreign minister Ribbentrop
Soviet foreign minister Molotov
Soviet leader Stalin

16. What can we learn from this source?

17. Use the handout to underline or highlight the key facts for the Nazi Soviet Pact
2 Now read pages in your textbook and add further notes