1. Russia and China
Day 2 – AP Review

2. Russia - Sovereignty, Authority, and Power
Studied as country in transition from communism to democracy
Under USSR was totalitarian regime with command economy
Today is an illiberal democracy
Future is uncertain: appears to have soft authoritarianism

3. Russia – Political Institutions 1 of 2
Is a mixed presidential or dual executive
President – head of state; appoints the prime minister and cabinet; must be approved by Duma, issue decrees with force of law, can dissolve the Duma (1993 Yeltsin did)
Prime Minister – head of government; heads legislature
In USSR
Russian Revolution created communist system
Followed Marxism-Leninism with democratic centralism
Positions were on nomenklatura
Followed command economy
General Secretary part of Politburo, also had a Central Committee, a Secretariat, and the Supreme Soviet
Gorbachev did begin glasnost and perestroika

4. Russia – Political Institutions 2 of 2
Russian Federation
Powerful president elected by 2 ballot system
Citizens elect representatives to the Duma
Have an upper house called a Federation Council
19 members of Supreme Court
Is a federal system of government
Yeltsin – used shock therapy and rule of an oligarchy until forced to resign; did help pass 1993 Constitution by referendum
Putin – has begun to centralize Russia’s political system
Governors now appointed
Created 7 new superegions
Media now mostly state owned
Created United Russia
Cult of Personality
Raised minimum threshold

5. Russia – Citizens, Society, and the State
Largest country in the world: encompasses many ethnicities
Single most important cleavage is nationality
Citizens still believe in statism but don’t trust government
Slavophile vs. Westernizer
Russian egalitarianism still exists
Under Putin: difficult to get a permit to demonstrate, NGO’s have been banished, media members have vanished, has arrested oligarchs that oppose him

6. Russia – Political and Economic Change
USSR
Bolshevik Revolution – 1917: Lenin seizes power from Tsar – called for democratic centralism or vanguard leadership
Caused by Russia’s ineffectiveness in Russo-Japan War and WWI
1918 White vs. Red Army – Reds won
Russian Republic
Second revolution in 1991 – tried to remove Gorbachev
Has attempted democratization rapidly
Has written constitution but lacks legitimacy
Is an emerging market

7. Russia – Public Policy
Stalin – used collectivism and industrialization, began five year plans carried about by Gosplan
Khrushchev – began deStalinization; decentralized economic decision making; advocated peaceful coexistence
Brezhnev – ended Khruchev’s reforms
Gorbachev – glasnost, perestroika, democratization
Yeltsin – shock therapy, privatization of state owned industries
Putin – has centralized government

8. China- Sovereignty, Authority, and Power
Faced lack of sovereignty with British imperialism – exposed extraterritoriality on the Chinese
Today is ruled by a single party, Chinese Communist Party
Maintains absolute authority over state institutions – authoritarian

9. China – Political Institutions 1 of 2
Imperial Dynasties
Based on Confucianism
Qin Dynasty began foundation of well-organized bureaucracy
Centralized imperial bureaucracy
Used Mandate of Heaven
Nationalists – Republic of China
Sun Yat-Sen helped to find Nationalist Party
1919 Chinese students demonstrated – May Fourth Movement
1923 Chiang Kai-shek went to Moscow to study successful revolution – allied with CCP until 1927 that led to civil war
Communism
Single party rule created by Mao since 1949
Long March defined communist party members
Cadres worked on CCP on all levels
PLA keep order – represented by central military commission

10. China – Political Institutions 2 of 2
Today
Is unitary system with unicameral legislature
Recruit leaders through nomenklatura
Communicate through guanxi – old boys network
Is a dual executive with a premier and a president
CCP organization
General secretary
Politburo
Secretariat
Central Committee
National Party Congress
People’s Republic of China organization
Executive: President/VP; Premier, State Council, Central Government ministries
Legislative: Standing Committee, National People’s Congress
Judicial: Supreme People’s Court

11. China – Citizens, Society, and the State
Fairly homogeneous – 90% Han Chinese but 55 minority groups
Muslim Uyghur
Tibetans
Tiananmen Square Protest – have demanded human rights
Press is state owned, CCP monitors internet sites, dissent against public policies is not allowed
Used to be supported by iron rice bowl but still use guanxi
Falun Gong
Mass line

12. China – Political and Economic Change
Mao
Led civil war, directed economic transformation with five year plans
Deng
Allowed some private enterprise, encouraged foreign investment, created special economic zones, allowed joint ventures
Today
Urban middle class that has problem for party as it attempts to maintain growth
Private cars and demand for oil/steel dominate China
Globalization is a problem
Is a market economy, private enterprise allowed, state economic planning ended
Led by Technocrats

13. China – Public Policy Imperial Dynasties Communism Mandate from Heaven
Maoism
Hundred Flowers Campaign
Great Leap Forward
Cultural Revolution
Gang of Four
Deng Xiaoping
Deng Xiaoping Theory
Four Modernizations
TVEs
Today – rapid industrialization has created environmental concerns