1. BIOLOGY OF HIGHER FLIES OF SEASONAL WETLANDS

3. INTRODUCTION I. HABITATS INVOLVED II. FLY FAMILIES INVOLVED
III. FEEDING GUILDS INVOLVED
IV. PROBLEMS FACED AND SOLVED

4. HABITATS
1. BUTTONBUSH SWAMPS
2. VERNAL MARSHES

5. FLY FAMILIES 1. EPHYDRIDAE – SHORE FLIES 2. CHLOROPIDAE – FRIT FLIES
3. DROSOPHILIDAE - FRUIT FLIES
4. SCIOMYZIDAE – SNAIL-KILLING FLIES

6. FEEDING GUILDS 2. ALGOVORES 3. PHYTOPHORES 4. PREDATORS/PARASITES
1. DETRITIVORES
2. ALGOVORES
3. PHYTOPHORES
4. PREDATORS/PARASITES

7. FLIES OF BUTTONBUSH SWAMPS
FAMILY SCIOMYZIDAE
(SNAIL-KILLING FLIES)
TETANOCERA PLUMOSA
PTEROMICRA SIMILIS
RENOCERA AMANDA

8. SNAIL-KILLING FLIES IN BUTTONBUSH SWAMPS
SPECIES PREY SNAIL
ATRICHOMELINA PUBERA MIX
PHERBELLIA GRISEOLA MIX
PHERBELLIA NANA MIX
PHERBELLIA SIMILIS PLANORBULA
PHERBELLIA VITALIS MIX
PTEROMICRA PLEURALIS MIX
PTEROMICRA SIMILIS PLANORBULA
TETANOCERA ANNAE MIX
TETANOCERA PLUMOSA MIX

9. THE BUTTONBUSH SWAMP

10. BIOLOGY OF TETANOCERA PLUMOSA
ADULTS OCCUR IN BUTTONBUSH SWAMPS IN LATE SPRING
EGGS LAID ON SHORELINE DETRITUS
IN LATE SUMMER AND EARLY FALL
LARVAE PREY ON AQUATIC PULMONATE SNAILS IN FALL AND WINTER

11. LARVAE OVERWINTER
PUPARIA FORMED IN EARLY SPRING
ONE GENERATION A YEAR

12. ADULT OF TETANOCERA PLUMOSA

13. SMALL LYMNAEID SNAILS

14. LARVA OF TETANOCERA PLUMOSA APPROACHING PREY

15. FEEDING ON AQUATIC SNAIL

16. LARVA OF TETANOCERA PLUMOSA

17. LARVAL MOUTHPARTS OF TETANOCERA PLUMOSA

18. PUPARIUM OF TETANOCERA PLUMOSA

19. BIOLOGY OF PTEROMICRA SIMILIS
ADULTS CAN BE ABUNDANT IN BUTTONBUSH SWAMPS AND AROUND VERNAL WOODLAND POOLS
LARVAE ARE HOST SPECIFIC FOR THE AQUATIC SNAIL PLANORBULA ARMIGERA

20. ADULT OF PTEROMICRA SIMILIS

21. PLANORBULA ARMIGERA

22. BIOLOGY OF RENOCERA AMANDA
SPECIALIST FOR FINGERNAIL CLAMS
OCCURS IN VERNAL POOLS
FEEDS UNDER WATER
HAS ONE GENERATION A YEAR

23. HABITAT OF RENOCERA AMANDA

24. FINGERNAIL CLAM

25. RENOCERA LARVA IN FINGERNAIL CLAM

26. FLIES OF VERNAL MARSHES
SPECIALIZED DETRITIVORES
1. NOTIPHILA SCALARIS – CONSUMER OF ANAEROBIC SEDIMENTS
2. CHAETOPSIS FULVIFRONS – SECONDARY INVADER OF DAMAGED STEMS

27. BIOLOGY OF NOTIPHILA SCALARIS
ADULTS COMMONLY COLLECTED IN STANDS OF RICE CUTGRASS, LEERSEA ORYZOIDES
EGGS LAID ON VEGETATION
LARVAE FEED ON ANAEROBIC DETRITUS

28. RICE CUTGRASS

29. EGGS OF NOTIPHILA

30. LARVA OF NOTIPHILA SCALARIS

31. PUPARIA OF NOTIPHILA SCALARIS

32. ALGOVORES EPHYDRIDAE CONSUMERS OF BLUE-GREEN ALGAE LYTOGASTER EXCAVATA
SETACERA ATROVIRENS
CONSUMERS OF DIATOMS
PARYDRA SPP.
ILYTHEA SPILOTA

33. BIOLOGY OF LYTOGASTER EXCAVATA
ADULTS LAY EGGS ON SHORELINE PATCHES OF THE BLUE-GREEN ALGAL GENUS CYLINDROSPERMUM
LARVAE FEED COLLECTIVELY
PUPARIA FORMED ON ALGAL PATCH
LARVAE AND PUPARIA RARELY ATTACKED BY PARASITIC WASPS

34. EGGS OF LYTOGASTER EXCAVATA ON CYLINDROSPERMUM

35. LARVAE OF LYTOGASTER

36. MATURE LARVA OF LYTOGASTER

38. PHYTOPHORES
1. STEM BORERS OF SEDGES
2. SEED PREDATORS OF SEDGES

39. STEM BORERS OF SEDGES
CHLOROPS SPP.
DIPLOTOXA SPP.

40. STAND OF CAREX

41. DAMAGED STEM OF CAREX

42. HOST PLANTS OF LOCAL SPECIES OF CHLOROPS
CHLOROPS SPECIES HOST PLANT
C. CERTIMA CAREX LACUSTRIS
C. CINERAPENNIS CAREX EMORYI
C. CROCOTA CAREX TORTA
C. MELANOCERA JUNCUS TENUIS
C. OBSCURICORNIS ELEOCHARIS SMALLII
C. RUFESCENS CAREX VULPINOIDES
C. SEMINIGRA CAREX STRICTA

43. SEED PREDATORS OF SEDGES
ELLIPONEURA DEBILIS
PSEUDOPACHYCHAETA APPROXIMATONERVIS

44. ECTOPARASITE OF THE ALDER SPITTLEBUG
DROSOPHILIDAE: CLADOCHAETA INVERSA

45. SPECKLED ALDER ALNUS RUGOSA

46. SPITTLE MASS OF ALDER SPITTLEBUG

47. CLADOCHAETA LARVA ON NYMPH OF THE THE ALDER SPITTLEBUG

48. IDEAS ON FEEDING HABITS OF CLADOCHAETA INVERSA

49. LARVA PENETRATES BODY WALL OF SPITTLEBUG
LARVA IS AN INTERMITTENT PARASITE AND CONSUMES FLUID FROM ITS HOST
RARELY RESULTS IN DEATH OF SPITTLEBUG
LARVA CANNOT DEVELOP ON SPITTLE ALONE

50. ADAPTATIONS TO SEASONAL WETLANDS
1. SPECIES COMMONLY HAVE ONLY ONE GENERATION A YEAR
2. FEEDING STAGE OCCURS DURING TIME OF STANDING WATER
3. COMMONLY ARE SPECIALISTS

51. CONCLUDING COMMENTS 1. ADAPTIVE RADIATION IS WELL DEMOSTRATED
2. SPECIES WELL ADAPTED TO SURVIVE EPHEMERAL CONDITIONS
3. COMPETITION REDUCED BY BECOMING SPECIALIZED

52. THE FATE OF MAN