1. The Efficiency of the Matching Process: Exploring the Impact of Regional Employment Offices in Croatia Iva Tomić Ekonomski institut, Zagreb
Objective
to estimate and explain the efficiency changes that may have taken place both over time and across regions taking into account the impact of regional employment offices on the matching efficiency.
Background
Fahr and Sunde (2002) - reasons for high and persistent unemployment:
on the supply side
inadequate incentives for unemployed to search for a job actively and inefficient labour market in terms of matching unemployed job-seekers and vacant jobs;
on the demand side
insufficient demand for labour.
A traditional rationale for labour market institutions has been to facilitate the matching process in the labour market (Calmfors, 1994; Tyrowicz and Jeruzalski, 2009).
Kuddo (2009) & Brown and Koettel (2012) explainn how, in addition to (inadequate) funding, public policies to combat unemployment largely depend on the capacity of relevant institutions.
Hagen (2003) and Dmitrijeva and Hazans (2007) argue that raising the efficiency of matching process is usually regarded as the main aim of ALMPs.
Ferragina and Pastore (2006) explain how the differences in (un)employment between regions in transition countries persisted over time for three main reasons:
restructuring is not yet finished;
foreign capital concentrated in successful regions for many years; and
various forms of labour supply rigidity impeded the full process of adjustment.
Budget constraints are limiting the prospects of implementing active labour market measures with real impact which, together with enormous staff caseload in most of the regions, limits the scope of ALMP measures (Kuddo, 2009).
The existing literature (Botrić, 2004 & 2007; Obadić, 2004 & 2006; Puljiz and Maleković, 2007) indicates the existence regional labour market disparities in Croatia as well.
Croatian Employment Service (CES)
CES operates on two main levels:
Central Office - responsible for the design and implementation of national employment policy;
Regional Offices (22) - perform professional and work activities from the CES priority functions, as well as provide support for them via monitoring and analysing of (un)employment trends in their counties.
The effectiveness of employment offices varies by regions:
vacancy penetration ratio (V/M) approximates the capacity of regional employment office to collect information on job vacancies;
(high) unemployment/vacancies ratio (U_new/V) has important policy implications - besides indicating that the problem probably lies in the demand deficiency, it also negatively affects the effectiveness of employment services, such as job search assistance and job brokerage.
Data
Regional data on a monthly basis within the NUTS3 (county) level obtained from the Croatian Employment Office over a period ;
instead of using county-level data, for the purpose of exploring the role of employment offices, CES regional office–level data are used.
Empirical Strategy
In order to explore the efficiency on a regional level, stochastic frontier approach is used (Ibourk et al., 2004; Fahr and Sunde, 2002 & 2006; Destefanis and Fonseca, 2007; Jeruzalsky and Tyrowicz, 2009), as well as its modified version – basic-form transformed panel stochastic frontier model (Wang and Ho, 2010).
Policy relevant variables (that affect only the efficiency and not the matching process itself) are introduced into the model by relaxing the assumption of the homogeneity of unemployed by varying individual search intensities:
Estimation Results
Stochastic frontier restricted estimation
Total sample
Zagreb region excluded
Variables
Stocks of u
Both
Sum u
0.759***
0.928***
0.760***
0.921***
(0.010)
(0.022) v
0.241***
0.235***
0.249***
0.240***
u_new
-0.163***
-0.155***
(0.019)
u_sum
0.751***
Monthly dummies
YES
Annual dummies
constant
-2.577***
-2.890***
-2.664***
-2.600***
-2.888***
-2.680***
(0.037)
(0.054)
Mean technical efficiency
0.763
0.685
0.801
0.765
0.693
0.807
(0.002)
Wald χ2
***
***
***
***
***
*** γ
0.102
0.158
0.080
0.083
0.154
0.073
(0.036)
(0.047)
(0.031)
(0.048)
(0.030) η
0.006***
0.005***
0.007***
(0.001)
Log likelihood
76.704
41.855
89.682
60.562
No. of observations
3168
3024
Determinants of technical efficiency
Variables
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
v/u
0.0001
***
(0.0001)
(0.0002)
reg_unrate
***
***
***
0.0041*
***
(0.0018)
(0.0021)
(0.0020)
(0.0023)
(0.0038)
m/delisted
***
m_female ** **
***
0.0009*
(0.0004)
(0.0005)
u_female
0.0331***
0.0374***
0.0301***
0.0402
***
(0.0064)
(0.0076)
(0.0071)
(0.0069)
(0.0068)
u_<24y
0.0107***
0.0134***
0.0349***
(0.0026)
(0.0027)
(0.0029)
u_12m+
0.0018
0.0008 *
0.0029
(0.0032)
(0.0031)
(0.0030)
u_w/o_experience
***
***
***
-0.032***
***
(0.0022)
(0.0024)
(0.0025)
(0.0028)
u_primary_sector
0.0020**
0.0041***
0.0057***
0.0056**
0.0105***
(0.0010)
(0.0012)
(0.0011)
(0.0008)
u_benefits
0.0009
0.0017
0.0027*
0.0013
0.0086***
(0.0014)
(0.0017)
(0.0016)
(0.0015)
u_low skilled
***
***
***
*** **
(0.0035)
(0.0034)
(0.0033)
u_high skilled
0.0121***
0.0137***
0.0113***
0.0092***
0.0019
u_almp coverage
0.0008**
0.0006**
0.0005*
0.0023***
(0.0003)
(0.0006)
CES_high skilled
0.0316***
0.0297***
nett income_pc
0.0638***
0.0359***
(0.0037)
(0.0079)
time trend
0.0012***
squared time trend
-2.79e -06***
(4.73e -07)
pop_density
0.0311***
(0.0019)
Monthly dummies
YES
Annual dummies
constant
0.5983***
0.6038***
0.8179***
0.2256***
0.2933***
(0.0108)
(0.0127)
(0.0186)
(0.0399)
( )
Wald χ2
***
***
***
***
***
No. of observations
3168
Notes: Dependent variable in stochastic frontier estimations: log of monthly flows to employment out of unemployment (m); dependent variable in determinants of technical efficiency: estimates of the technical efficiency from the stochastic frontier as reported in Table 1 (column 2). Hausman specification test suggests the use of fixed effects estimator. However, after the models are checked for heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation, they are corrected by using cross-sectional time-series FGLS regression estimation.
Monthly and annual dummies are statically significant, detailed results available upon request. Variables taken in logarithms, lagged when necessary.
Standard errors (except for technical efficiency where standard deviation is reported) reported in parentheses.
***, ** and * denote significance at 1%, 5% and 10% levels, respectively.
Stochastic frontier estimation by model transformation
Frontier
Variables
Stocks of u
Flows of u
Both
Sum
u_tr
0.726***
0.918***
(0.048)
(0.046)
v_tr
0.382***
0.365***
0.325***
0.396***
(0.013)
u_new_tr
-0.278***
-0.370***
(0.019)
u_sum_tr
0.583***
(0.050)
Constraints
u_low skilled
0.368
0.521
0.262
0.545
(0.398)
(1.100)
(0.254)
(0.511)
u_high skilled
0.198
-0.077
-0.208
0.301
(0.243)
(0.626)
(0.163)
(0.322)
nett income_pc
-0.375
-1.360
0.911**
-0.655
(0.588)
(1.367)
(0.447)
(0.746)
time trend
-0.018***
-0.033***
-0.020***
(0.005)
(0.010)
(0.004)
(0.006)
Mean technical efficiency
0.848
0.956
0.760
0.881
(0.122)
(0.080)
(0.132)
(0.112)
Wald χ2
***
***
***
***
Log likelihood
No. of observations
3146
Mean technical efficiency across regional offices
Mean technical efficiency over years
Based on the paper: “The Efficiency of the Matching Process: Exploring the Impact of Regional Employment Offices in Croatia”, published as part of the EIZ Working Papers, No. EIZ-WP-1204.
Contact info: Ekonomski institut, Zagreb, Trg J. F. Kennedyja 7, Zagreb, Croatia; Ph: ;
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