1. How far can you (safely) go?
John McNaughton
RYA Yachtmaster™ Ocean Examiner
& Consultant with the Salamander Organization

2. Introduction
Background in Diesel and Nuclear Submarines
Part time Offshore Yacht Racer and Examiner with Royal Yachting Association
Currently consulting in Enterprise Architecture including Risk / Safety and Resilience

3. What is Safety in Maritime Environment?
Safety has many perspectives:
A collection of horror stories passed on as lessons?
Lists of Dos and Don'ts?
Endless “exercises”?
Something instinctive?
How do we bring these together?

4. Hindsight or Foresight
Once an accident has occurred, we tend to interpret the past prior to the event only in relation to its bearing on that event. The total context before the event is therefore lost
“…at the subsequent board of enquiry…”
Therefore “covering your back is not a good approach to safety

5. Sail Training – a good means to develop people
UK MoD Uses Sail Training as a key means to improve the personal qualities essential to Armed Forces

6. An Elementary Safety Brief
"If you don't learn, you will die,
If you don't like sailing, you will die,
If you don't do as I tell you, you will die,
If you question me (the Skipper), you will die,
Any questions?"

7. Safety as a attitude of Mind
Too difficult to cover every eventuality – especially without any context
Once context is there, elaborate and educate
Once educated, add situation

8. Hooligan V – Gear Failure

9. Hooligan V Teamwork
The whole crew of Hooligan V pulled together and worked well as a team.
It was this teamwork that undoubtedly ensured the survival of four of the crew.
The skipper kept a clear head …
Watch Leader 1’s perseverance at cutting the liferaft lashings was key to the group’s survival.
The owner of the Hooligan V required his crew to undertake a wide range of safety related courses.

10. In Submarines – the complexity and consequences are greater
Nuclear Submarines a very expensive, have a lot of people and are perhaps the most complex machines ever built…
The consequences of getting it wrong are significant

11. A guiding philosophy
“In the submarine environment There is only one way to ensure safety: it must be embedded from the start in the equipment, the procedures, and most importantly, the people associated with the work.”

12. GPS doesn’t work underwater
A high speed collision

13. Build the training in Steps
Train the Individual
Train the Team
Train the Unit
All of this in the context of increasing skill though drills, routines, building knowledge and the ability to cope with complex and frightening situations

14. Treating the Unit as a System
When building a new platform safety must be designed from the outset

15. Consider the Hazards Nuclear propulsion plant High pressure steam
Numerous sea-connected systems
25,000 valves
150 miles of pipes
1500 miles of electrical cables
High voltage, high current electrical systems
A lead-acid battery the size of a tractor-trailer
Electrolytic oxygen generators
4500 psig air systems
3000 psig oxygen, nitrogen, and hydraulic systems
Many weapons containing high explosives and propellants
Potential to carry guided weapons (currently not deployed)
Sonar systems that can produce up to very high db levels
High power RF systems
Try driving your car with your eyes shut but the window open so you can listen to the traffic

16. MoD Approach to Safety Cases
MOD policy states that every project is responsible for the implementation of the Safety Management System (SMS) of their project
The purpose of which is to enable the team to plan, organise, monitor, evaluate and record the arrangements for the management of safety within a project.
The Safety Case contains the justification for the safety of the system or equipment.

17. Understand the process in depth

18. Understand and Mitigate the Hazards

19. Monitor and Track the Mitigation
Having Identified Process and Systems that have Safety Implications we can start to monitor and track

20. Summary #1
An approach to safety needs to be scalable
Learning by Doing is more effective but clearly more risky
Embedding safety into the design is better than back fitting it

21. Summary #2
You can only go as far as the people, the team and the equipment will let you.
And you need to keep checking it.

22. john.mcnaughton@tsorg.com +44 (0) 7715 488 206
Questions
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