1. 2.1.1 Factors that shape the changing identity and characteristics of places
Case Study - Studentification (Swansea)
Cultural
Economic
Investment - FDI
Resources
Demographic
Migration
Planning
Political
Global forces – interdependence on global economy / globalisation / MNCs (McDonalds)
Case Study – Cardiff Bay / London Docklands
Case Study – migration (UK, Dubai, EU)

2. Demographic Characteristics
Changing Population – births, deaths and migration. Natural increase – difference between live births and deaths Net migration – difference between the number of people moving into an area and the number of people moving out
The population as a SYSTEM – basic model

3. DTM

4. Population Pyramids – Population Structure diagrams
Show age & sex structure of a population – the shape needs to be interpreted!
Females are always right! Males (men and boys – same thing) are always on the left.
Dependency Ratio – the old and the young who are dependent on others (‘working’ population who pay taxes to support the ‘dependents’ – children, elderly and ‘others’)

5. Why is the top ‘flat’?
Old dependents
Workers pay
taxes
Young dependents

7. 2.1.2 – Sense of a place London Riots Bethnal Green Regentrification
Areas ONB
Personal image
Media & stats image
Urban vs Rural - Migration

8. 2.1.3 – changes over time

9. Info on economic change in industries

10. 2.1.4 – Economic change & social inequalities
Environmental Kuznets curves.
Cycle of deprivation

11. Deprivation – inner cities

12. Policies Right to buy in England for Housing Association Tennants
Affordable Homes
Former mining areas - There have been many national policies in response to coalfield decline as well as local, community based initiatives. Government and EU funding has supported environmental improvements, including a clear-up of much of the dereliction caused by mining. British Coal Enterprises and other regeneration agencies have been less successful, however, in creating training, employment and business opportunities. Some jobs have been created, but there has been little growth of small and medium-sized businesses, and even less development in high-tech manufacturing. A wide range of community initiatives have provided alternative types of work and services. Programmes with a high level of contact and involvement of local people have generally been more successful than “top down” initiatives started and led by statutory agencies.
CrossRail – link up N&S
Enterprise Zones (EZs) / UDCs – Urban Development Corporations (e.g. LDDC)

13. Case studies – Comparing North with London, Geofile handouts
Social Inequality
Social inequality is the existence of unequal opportunities and rewards for different social positions or statuses within a group or society.
Case studies – Comparing North with London, Geofile handouts

14. 2.1.5 Service industry (Tertiary)
Case study – Cardiff city centre redevelopment, Rio (Geofile) Reurbanisation – Gentrification – Islington Changing service economy – Cribbs Causeway, Bristol, Office-parks, Internet shopping, Central entertainment
Reurbanisation info

15. 2.1.6 Quaternary Service clusters – Cambridge Science Park
Silicon Roundabout Shoreditch & silicon valley, California

16. 2.1.7 – rural rebranding Rural change – counter urbanisation
Push factors & effects
Chocolate box villages
Rebranding of Cornwall
Second home owners
Blaenau Ffestiniog Rebranding
Post productive countryside - Diversification

17. 2.1.8 – rural management and challenges of change
The players
Issues – on-going / new
Cloke’s model
URF
Digital divide

18. 2.1.9 – Urban rebranding Bristol Docklands London Docklands
Cardiff Bay Regeneration
Cultural Quarters – Cardiff Bay
Actor-network theory

19. 2.1.10 – Urban management and change
Challenges faced mind map – 3 newspaper articles (Hartlepool & Wolves)
Overheating – Cairo, HS2, Shoreditch protests, Notting Hill
Segregation