1. Traits of living organisms
GENETICS
The science of heredity
Traits of living organisms

2. Genetics All living things “reproduce”
Six major KINGDOMS of living things
1.) Archaebacteria – one celled / extreme environments
2.) Eubacteria – complex one celled / streptococcus
3.) Protista – molds, all that aren’t bacteria, plants, animals, fungi
4.) Fungi – can’t make their own food
5.) Plants
6.) Animals
Placed into kingdoms according to:
Cell Type – complex or simple
How they make food
Number of cells in their body

3. ACQUIRED TRAITS
Clothes
Hair styles
Sun glasses
Head bands
INHERITED TRAITS
Skin color
Hair color
Eye color
Body shape
Height

4. The History of Genetics
Gregor Mendel: Austrian High School Teacher and Monk 1851.
Was curious about why the pea plants in the monastery garden were different. Some tall, some short, some smooth, some wrinkled.
He did experiments to find out if the plants had something that was causing them to be different. He crossed TALL plants (T) with Short plants (t).
What he found was amazing!
Mendel discovered Genetics - the Science of Heredity!

5. History of Genetics
CHROMOSOMES – Proteins inside the cell that contain DNA.
GENES – Pieces of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait of an organism like eye color.
EUKARYOTIC CELL
Eye Color

6. Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
PROKARYOTES: CELLS WITHOUT A NUCLEUS
DNA FLOATS IN CYTOPLASM
EUKARYOTES: CELLS WITH A NUCLEUS
DNA IS CONTAINED WITHIN THE NUCLEUS OF CELLS

7. Section 1 - continued
Mendel figured out that some individual factors control inheritance of traits in pea plants. (Genes).
Dominant vs. Recessive: Dominant alleles (genes) overpower or mask Recessive alleles (genes) when crossed.
Example: Black Rabbit = Dominant genes
White Rabbit = Recessive genes

8. Section 1 - continued Symbols used in Genetics study:
Dominant Allele represented by a capital letter for a trait
Recessive Allele represented by lower case letter.
Example: Height of pea plants Tall or Short
Tall = T
Short = t

9. Genetics – Section 1
Allele: An allele is a gene that has different forms.
Example: Height of pea plants
Tall and short characteristics in Mendel’s pea plant experiments. T t
Hybrids: Organisms that have two different alleles for a trait.
Example: A tall plant that has the short allele. T t
Purebred: Organisms that always produce offspring with the same trait.
Example: Height of pea plants T T

10. Genetics Terms
PUREBRED: Organism has only the same type of genes (alleles) for a trait TT or tt
HYBRID: Organism has two types of genes (alleles) for a trait T t
GENOTYPE: The genetic makeup of an organism ( TT, Tt, tt)
PHENOTYPE: The outward appearance of an organism.

11. Terms for Genotypes HOMOZYGOUS Can be “Homozygous Recessive” t t
If an organism has the same type of alleles for a trait it is said to be:
HOMOZYGOUS
Can be “Homozygous Dominant” T T
Can be “Homozygous Recessive” t t
If an organisim has two different type of alleles for a trait that organism is said to be:
HETEROZYGOUS
Can be Heterozygous Dominant T t

12. Crossing Traits Purebred vs. Hybrid
Purebred for TALL
Parent #1
Purebred for Short
Parent #2 tT tT t
Offspring =
100% Tall because of dominant gene (T) t tT tT
All offspring are Heterozygous dominant for the TALL trait in pea plants

13. GENETICS - Reproduction
Living organisms reproduce in two ways on Earth:
Sexual and Asexual
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION – One parent organism produces offspring without meiosis and fertilization. Offspring inherit all of their DNA from one parent and are therefore identical to the parent.
(Kinds of Asexual Reproduction:
Fission: Two identical cells formed BACTERIA (PROKARYOTES)
Mitotic Cell Division: Mitosis then cell division AMOEBAS
Budding: Mitosis then cell division on the body of parent CORAL
Animal Regeneration: Grows from a piece of parent PLANARIANS
Vegetative: New organisms grow from a part of a plant STRAWBERRIES
Cloning: Identical organism produced from a cell or cluster of cells PLANT or ANIMAL Corn / Sheep

14. Asexual Reproduction Thinking Map
6 Types
Fission
BACTERIA
Mitosis
Budding
Corals
Amoebas
Types of
Asexual Reproduction
Cloning
Regeneration
Plants and Animals
Vegetative
Starfish / Planarians
Strawberry plants, Aspen trees, most grasses

15. Advantages & Disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction
Reproduce without a mate
Can produce large numbers quickly
DISADVANTAGES:
Genetically the same as parent, no diversity
Harmful mutations are passed on to next generation

16. GENETICS – Sexual Reproduction
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION – Genetic materials from two different parents are combined to produce a new offspring. (EUKARYOTES)
Chromosomes: Cells with pairs of chromosomes are called Diploid (2) Body cells.
Humans have 23 pairs or a total of 46 chromosomes
Sex Cells: Sperm and Egg Cells only have one chromosome from each pair and are called Haploid (1). These divide through a process called Meiosis to make four cells.
During fertilization between egg and sperm the cells combine to produce a new organisim with a full set of chromosome pairs = 46.
Each Parent contributes ½ (50%) of the genetic material to the offspring

17. Sexual Reproduction TWO PARENTS
EACH CONTRIBUTES 50% OR ½ OF THE GENES TO THE NEW OFFSPRING.
SEX CELLS SPERM or EGG
BODY CELLS
HUMANS 46 23
DOGS 78 39
FERNS
1,260
630

18. Advantages / Disadvantages of Sexual Reproduction
Greater Genetic diversity (variation)
Positive traits can be passed on making the plant or animal more competitive for survival.
● Selective Breeding
DISADVANTAGES:
Must have two mates
Requires pregnancy, can end without production of a new offspring.
Slower development of populations

19. Adaptations & Natural Selection
ADAPTATION is: “A characteristic that helps an organism survive and reproduce” Occurs through mutations.
Examples: Bird beaks / Colors of moths / speed of animals
NATURAL SELECTION is: “The process that allows organisms who are better adapted to their environment to survive over time.”

20. Adaptations THREE (3) KINDS of ADAPTATIONS
BEHAVIORAL – Playing dead / becoming tame from the wild
STRUCTURAL – Shape of bird beaks / ability to live at high altitudes
FUNCTIONAL – Color of moths

21. SELECTIVE BREEDING
SELECTIVE BREEDING is: “ The selection of a few organisms with desirable traits to serve as parents of the next generation.”
EXAMPLES:
Plants for improved crop yields, quality, resistance to disease.
Corn, Soybeans, Grasses, Wheat
Animals for milk, meat, hide production
Beef cattle, Milk cattle, horses for speed, looks