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6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues: Part A.

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1 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues: Part A

2 Respiratory tube cartilages in neck and thorax
Epiglottis Larynx Thyroid cartilage Cartilage in external ear Cartilages in nose Trachea Cricoid cartilage Lung Articular Cartilage of a joint Cartilage in Intervertebral disc Costal cartilage Respiratory tube cartilages in neck and thorax Pubic symphysis Bones of skeleton Axial skeleton Meniscus (padlike cartilage in knee joint) Appendicular skeleton Cartilages Articular cartilage of a joint Hyaline cartilage CT Elastic cartilage CT Fibrocartilage CT Figure 6.1

3 The skeleton is divided into two parts
Axial: bones of the skull, vertebrae, ribs Appendicular: bones of the shoulders, hips, arms, legs

4 Calcification of cartilage
As cartilage ages, calcium adds to the cartilage, making it more brittle Be careful when giving CPR to the elderly

5 Classification of Bones by Shape
Long bones -Longer than they are wide Short bones -Cube-shaped bones Flat bones -Thin, flat, slightly curved Irregular bones -Complicated shapes

6 Figure 6.2

7 Functions of Bones 1. Protection
For brain, spinal cord, and vital organs well, usually……..

8 Functions of bones 2. Support for the body shape

9 Functions of bones 3. Bones as levers for muscles to pull on, creating movement

10 Functions of Bones 4. Storage of minerals (calcium and phosphorus) and growth factors

11 Functions of bones 5. A place for blood cell formation (hematopoiesis) in marrow cavities

12 Functions of bones 6. Triglyceride (fat) storage in bone cavities

13 We will learn the bone markings in BONE LAB
Table 6.1

14 Compact on the outside, spongy on the inside

15 Spongy bone inside a flat bone
(diploë) Compact bone Why do we have compact bone on both outside and inside surface? Trabeculae Figure 6.5

16 Articular cartilage Compact bone Proximal epiphysis Spongy bone
Epiphyseal line Periosteum Compact bone Medullary cavity (lined by endosteum) (b) Diaphysis Distal epiphysis (a) Figure 6.3a-b

17 Endosteum Yellow bone marrow Compact bone Periosteum Perforating
(Sharpey’s) fibers Nutrient arteries (c) Figure 6.3c

18 Location of Hematopoietic (blood making) Tissue
Newborn erythrocytes are made in red marrow in all marrow cavities and in spongy bone Adults erythrocytes are made in red marrow of: the heads of the femur and humerus inside flat bones of sternum and hips (*all other adult marrow is yellow) nerves and blood vessels vessels leave/enter the bone via nutrient foramina (holes)

19 Coverings of bone Periosteum Outer fibrous layer
dense irregular CT (with collagen fibers) connects muscle and bone Inner osteogenic layer contains cells -Osteogenic cells (stem cells that divide to become osteoblasts) -Osteoblasts (bone-forming cells that make collagen) -Osteoclasts (bone-destroying cells that remodel bone) Remember! Osteocytes live WITHIN the BONE

20 Linings of bone Endosteum Delicate reticular CT
lines the hollow part of the shaft and contains: -Osteogenic cells (stem cells that divide to become osteoblasts) -Osteoblasts (bone-forming cells that make collagen) -Osteoclasts (bone-destroying cells that remodel bone)

21 Osteoprogenitor cells divide and daughter cells are osteoblasts.
Osteocytes Osteogenic cells Osteoblasts Change into Change into BONE CELLS Osteoprogenitor cells divide and daughter cells are osteoblasts. Osteoblasts produce collagen, to which minerals will attach. Osteocytes are mature bone cells which maintain the calcium balance in a bone Figure 6.4a-b

22 OsteoCLASTS are giant cells that digest bone with mild acids and enzymes during bone remodeling. They are related to white blood cells, not the other bone cells.

23 A BONE is made of smaller “pencil” shaped structures called osteons
Compact bone Spongy bone A BONE is made of smaller “pencil” shaped structures called osteons Central canal Endosteum lining bony canals and covering trabeculae Osteon (a) Perforating fibers Lamellae Nerve Vein Artery Lamellae Central canal Canaliculi Lacuna (with osteocyte) Osteocyte in a lacuna Lacunae Interstitial lamellae (b) (c) Figure 6.7a-c

24 Osteons have many layers called lamella Artery with capillaries
Structures in the central canal Vein Nerve fiber Lamellae Collagen fibers run in different directions Twisting force Figure 6.6

25 Osteocytes are connected by canaliculi (little canals) through which their “arms” pass nutrients to cells far from the blood in the central canal, and waste back. blood

26 Most cells in spongy bone are close enough to blood vessels in bone marrow to receive nutrition without the structure of osteons and canaliculi.

27 powered minerals water rebar Strong yet flexible All bone needs to be strong and flexible. How does it get that way? Strong yet flexible Calcium phosphate collagen water

28 FORMATION of soft organic bone matrix (osteoid)
Osteoblasts secrete collagen into space around the cell Osteoblasts secrete proteoglycan gel Collagen fiber Proteoglycan and glycoprotein ground substance osteoblast

29 Inorganic salts arrive
Calcium ions arrive in blood Collagen fiber Calcium ion

30 Bone matrix starts to harden
Phosphate ions arrive in blood Phosphate Collagen fiber Calcium ion

31 Bone matrix is now hardened
Hydroxyapatite forms, and matrix hardens into bone Phosphate Collagen fiber Calcium ion hydroxyapatite

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