1. Murine leptin deficiency alters Kupffer cell production of cytokines that regulate the innate immune system 
Zhiping Li, Huizhi Lin, Shiqi Yang, Anna Mae Diehl 
Gastroenterology 
Volume 123, Issue 4, Pages (October 2002)
DOI: /gast
Copyright © 2002 American Gastroenterological Association Terms and Conditions

2. Fig. 1
Effect of LPS on IL-12 protein and mRNA production by cultured KCs from lean and ob/ob mice. (A) Medium was harvested at 0, 1.5, or 6 hours after LPS (1 μg/mL) was added to the cultures. In each group, 3 separate KC cultures were treated at each time point. IL-12 was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay by using murine recombinant IL-12 as the standard. Mean (SD) results of duplicate experiments are shown. Each experiment evaluated KCs pooled from 4–6 mice per group. P value indicates the difference between ob/ob and control 6 hours after LPS. (B) RNA was obtained from the same cultures. Ribonuclease protection assays were used to assess IL-12 p35 and p40 gene expression. To control for variations in total RNA content, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) expression was evaluated concurrently. Representative autoradiographs are shown. Mean (SD) results from duplicate experiments are graphed. P values indicate differences between ob/ob and controls at 6 hours after LPS.
Gastroenterology  , DOI: ( /gast )
Copyright © 2002 American Gastroenterological Association Terms and Conditions

3. Fig. 2
Effect of LPS on IL-15 mRNA expression in KC cultures from lean and ob/ob mice. RNA was obtained from the cultures described in the legend to Figure 1. IL-15 and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) expression were evaluated by ribonuclease protection assays. Representative autoradiographs are shown. Mean (SD) results from duplicate experiments are graphed. P value indicates the difference between ob/ob and controls before LPS.
Gastroenterology  , DOI: ( /gast )
Copyright © 2002 American Gastroenterological Association Terms and Conditions

4. Fig. 3
Effect of human recombinant IL-15 on hepatic CD4NKT and CD4T cell content of ob/ob mice. ob/ob mice were treated with recombinant IL-15 or sterile, pyrogen-free saline as described in Materials and Methods. After 1 week, liver mononuclear cells were harvested and analyzed by fluorescent antibody cell-sorted analysis. (A) CD4NKT cells; (B) CD4T cells. P values indicate differences between the saline-treated ob/ob mice and lean controls and between IL-15–treated ob/ob mice and saline-treated ob/ob mice.
Gastroenterology  , DOI: ( /gast )
Copyright © 2002 American Gastroenterological Association Terms and Conditions

5. Fig. 4
Effect of in vivo leptin therapy on hepatic IL-15 gene expression. Eight ob/ob mice were treated with recombinant leptin, as described in Materials and Methods. Liver RNA was obtained; IL-15 and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) mRNA expression were assessed by ribonuclease protection assay. Representative autoradiographs are shown. Mean (SD) results of duplicate assays are graphed. P value indicates the difference between leptin-treated ob/ob mice and controls before LPS and 1.5 hours after LPS.
Gastroenterology  , DOI: ( /gast )
Copyright © 2002 American Gastroenterological Association Terms and Conditions

6. Fig. 5
Effect of in vivo leptin therapy on hepatic expression of IL-12 and IL-10. Ribonuclease protection assays were used to assess IL-12 and IL-10 gene expression in the livers of the mice described in Materials and Methods. A representative autoradiograph is shown. Mean (SD) results of duplicate assays are graphed. (A) IL-12; (B) IL-10. P value indicates the difference between leptin-treated ob/ob mice and controls at 1.5 hours after LPS (IL-12) or at 1.5 and 6 hours after LPS (IL-10). GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.
Gastroenterology  , DOI: ( /gast )
Copyright © 2002 American Gastroenterological Association Terms and Conditions

7. Fig. 6
Effect of in vivo leptin therapy on the hepatic accumulation of CD4NKT cells. Twelve ob/ob mice (4 mice per experiment) received leptin via continuous subcutaneous infusion for 2 weeks. At the end of the treatment period, liver mononuclear cells were harvested, and lymphocyte subpopulations were assessed by flow cytometry. Results are compared with those from 12 ob/ob mice and 12 lean mice (4 each per experiment) that received continuous subcutaneous infusions of saline for 2 weeks. The CD4NKT cell content in saline-treated ob/ob mice was 13% ± 5% of the CD4NKT cell content in the livers of saline-treated lean mice. Leptin treatment increased the hepatic CD4NKT cell content of ob/ob mice by 2–3-fold (i.e., to approximately 36% ± 4% of saline-treated lean mice) (P < 0.01).
Gastroenterology  , DOI: ( /gast )
Copyright © 2002 American Gastroenterological Association Terms and Conditions