1. The Different Sources of Self- Efficacy and its affects on Arithmetic Performance
A study based on the theories of Albert Bandura
Presented by Victor Garate and Lorenzo Gonzalez

2. Biography Born on December 4, 1925 He is still ALIVE! (90 years old)
University of British Columbia
University of Iowa
Married Virginia Varns in 1952
Mary and Carol
Albert Bandura was born on December 4, 1925 in the Mundane, Canada. His parents were Polish wheat farmers. He went to a small high school with only 20 students and 2 teachers.
He is still alive! He is a phycologist specializing in developmental psychology and educational psychology. His work centers around the social learning theory.
1949-Received his B.A. from the University of British Columbia
1952-Received his Ph.D. from the University of Iowa 
He married Virginia Varns in 1952 and they had two daughters Mary and Carol.
In 2011, Virginia died by age.
Cuter than Vygotsky

3. Bandura’s Achievements
1974- Elected for 82nd President of APA
1980- Elected as Fellow of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences
Award from APA for Distinguished Scientific Contributions
1999- Received Thorndike Award
2001- Lifetime Achievement Award
James McKeen Cattell Award
Gold Medal Award
1974- he was elected to serve as the 82nd President of the American Psychological Association
1980- Elected as Fellow of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. He also received an award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions from the American Psychological Association for pioneering the research in the field of self-regulated learning.
1999- Thorndike Award for Distinguished Contributions of Psychology to Education.
2001- Lifetime Achievement Award from the Association of Advancement of Behavior Therapy and the Western Psychological Association The American Psychological Society presented him with the James McKeen Cattell Award, while the American Psychological Foundation presented him with the Gold Medal Award for Distinguished Lifetime Contribution to Psychological Science

4. Bandura’s Bobo Doll Experiment
1961- Conducted experiment to investigate if social behaviors can be acquired by observation and imitation.
3 separate groups: Aggressive Model, Non-Aggressive Model, No Model
The Bobo Doll experiment was one of his most famous experiments. There were 36 boys and 36 girls between the age of 3-6. They were separated into 3 groups. One group was shown a model of aggression towards the bobo doll. One group was shown a non-aggressive model towards the bobo doll and the last group was shown no model at all.
The group that was exposed to the aggressive model were far more aggressive than the other two groups. If the model was male then the child would give the bobo doll more physical aggressive responses and if the model was female the child would give the bobo doll more verbal aggressive responses. The boys would also give more physical aggressive responses than the girls, but in the verbal aggressive responses it was very similar. Bandura’s experiment supported his social learning theory which is that child learn social behavior like aggression through observation learning (which is watching the behavior of another person). His study had implications for the effects of media on children.

5. What is Self-Efficacy?
Self-Efficacy- Refers to an individual’s belief in his or her capacity to execute behaviors necessary to produce specific performance attainments
It is NOT confidence or self-
esteem
Self-efficacy is concerned with
one’s own judgements of
personal capabilities
What is self-efficacy?
Self-efficacy refers to an individual’s belief in his or her capacity to execute behaviors necessary to produce specific performance attainments. Basically it reflects one’s own belief in one’s own ability to exert control over one’s motivation, behavior and social environment. It’s pretty much how one feels how one will perform at any given task. However, it is not to be confused with confidence or self-esteem. Self-efficacy is concerned with judgements of personal capability, whereas self esteem and confidence is concerned with judgements of self worth.
For example, One may admit to not being very good at something and know he or she will perform poorly at that certain task but it wouldn’t affect one’s self esteem and confidence due to that person not investing time, effort and care in such activity.

6. Four Sources of Self-Efficacy (How to Raise It)
Mastery Experience- The most influential source of efficacy. It is a repeated action of a certain activity which generally tends to raise efficacy
Vicarious Experience (Modeling)- It is a social comparison process. It is experienced as “If they can do it, I can do it as well”
Verbal Persuasion (Social Persuasion)- A means of strengthening one’s beliefs through “positive talk” by significant and influential people.
Judgements of Physiological States- Physical states in which affect efficacy levels. Main ways to raise efficacy would be to enhance physical status, reduce stress levels and correct misinterpretations of bodily states.
So what are Bandura’s four sources of self-efficacy and ways to raise it?
Mastery experience is the most influential source of efficacy because it provides the most authentic experience of whether one can muster whatever it takes to succeed. It basically is a repeated action of a certain activity. I believe that is directly correlated to the term “practice makes perfect”, with repeating an action one’s efficiency and performance in given task will rise along with the efficaciousness of the individual. While success highly raises self-efficacy, failure generally tends to lower it. An example would be that a certain individual’s efficacy will possibly be high before performing a task, however if that individual does poorly it will generally lower efficaciousness.
Vicarious Experience or Modeling is another effective for raising self-efficacy. It is a social comparison process where people judge their capabilities in relation to capabilities of others performing certain task. It is experienced as “if they can do it, I can do it as well”. It is not as influential as direct mastery experience however it is extremely useful for people who are unsure of themselves. For example one can think of an individual who is “too shy” or “too scared” to attempt a certain task. However if that individual sees a peer of common characteristics in differing performance levels, one’s efficacy would most likely be risen high enough to where the individual will attempt that certain task and believe that his or her performance will be high enough in their standard.
Verbal or Social persuasion is a means of strengthening one’s beliefs in self-efficacy. Efficacy can be raised if significant and/or influential people express faith in one’s capabilities. An example of an influential person could be a teacher, mentor, coach or role model. For example, if a person is struggling in a certain activity and doubting one’s own abilities in a certain task, a significant person could help raise efficaciousness by “positive talk”. However a downside to verbal persuasion is if one raises unrealistic beliefs to a person’s capabilities and the person fails at that certain task, it will have adverse effects on efficacy rather than raise them.
Lastly, judgements of physiological states are physical states in which affect an individual's efficacy levels. For example individuals with low efficacious levels would attribute sweaty, shaky hands before a competition, performance or speech to lack of preparation and ability whereas highly efficacious individuals would attribute such physiological states to normal reactions rather than lack of preparation or ability. Main ways to raise efficacy through physiological states would be to enhance physical status, reduce stress levels and correct misinterpretations of bodily states, such as the example given before of shaky and sweaty hands.

7. Why is Self-Efficacy Important to Bandura?
“People who regard themselves as highly efficacious act, think and feel differently from those who perceive themselves as inefficacious. They produce their own future, rather than simply foretell it”
Cognitive Process- Impacts the cognitive processes by influencing anticipatory scenarios humans construct.
Motivation Process-Impacts motivation by deter-
mining goal level, perseverance and resilience.
Affective Process- Emotional and physiological
reactions are affected by levels of self-efficacy.
Selection Process- Impacts types of activities
and environments people choose.
“To be sure, one needs both skill and self-efficacy to successfully perform a task. Nevertheless, given the same level of skill, differences in self-efficacy could result in different performance outcomes”
Bandura tells us that self-efficacy affects human functioning through 4 major psychological processes: The Cognitive, Motivation, Affective and Selection Processes.
Self-efficacy impacts the cognitive processes by influencing anticipatory scenarios humans rehearse and construct. For example, people with high-self efficacy anticipate scenarios of success such as a salesmen knowing he’s going to surpass his quota before he even starts selling. Whereas low-efficacious people anticipate scenarios of failure and dwell on pitfalls such as a student anticipating as if he or she will fail on a test that he or she has to take.
Basically self efficacy affects analytic thinking.
Motivation Processes of self-efficacy impact motivation by determining goal level, perseverance and resilience to failures. An example of a highly-efficacious individual would be that he or she would set higher goal levels than those with low self-efficacy therefore tend to put forth more effort. Also, highly efficacious people look at failures as lack of effort or will whereas low efficacious people look at failures as lack of ability.
People with low-efficacy tend to give up easily after failure whereas people with high-self efficacy are resilient in light of failure and will find a way to succeed.
Examples of Michael Jordan, Walt Disney and Steve Jobs.
Thirdly, affective processes regulate emotional states and the elicitation of emotional or physiological reactions, are influenced by self-efficacy on several fronts.
Finally Selection Processes are influenced by self-efficacy by it influencing types of activities and environments people choose. People with high self-efficacy beliefs tend to people undertaking more challenging scenarios whereas people with low self-efficacy tend to avoid such situations.
Still cuter than Vygotsky

8. Our Study Does Mastery Experience raise self-efficacy?
Does Vicarious Experience raise self-efficacy?
Does Verbal Persuasion raise self-efficacy?
In our study, we used middle school students and tested their self-efficacy in mathematics. Our main questions in this study were: Does mastery experience raise self-efficacy, does vicarious experience raise self-efficacy and finally does verbal persuasion raise self efficacy.

9. Side Note
Does heightened self-efficacy result into better successes and higher motivation?
A side note to our presentation was something that Lorenzo and I were particularly interested in. We wanted to find out if heightened self efficacy would result into better successes and higher motivation. We kept reading many studies in which tested self-efficacy and performance so we wanted to see it for ourselves.

10. Hypothesis
All three sources of self-efficacy tested, will in fact raise self-efficacy
The raised self-efficacy will heighten motivation and performance
Our hypothesis for this presentation was that:

11. Procedure for Group 1 Study & Question: Does mastery experience raise self-efficacy?
Two 7th graders
2 Worksheets
-Easy worksheet (1 minute)
-Difficult worksheet (1 minute)
Self Efficacy (0-10)
Efficacy Level
0-2
3-6 1
7-8 2
9-10 3

12. Results: Scores (Group 1)
Mastery experience raises self-efficacy and increases performance.
Easy Worksheet
Difficult Worksheet
Student
Efficacy Level
Scores
Student 1 3
100% (with 15 seconds left)
Student 2 2
100%
Student
Efficacy Level
Scores
Student 1 2
75%
Student 2 3
69%

13. 2 easy worksheets with different time to complete
Procedure for Group 2 Study & Question: Does verbal persuasion raise self-efficacy?
Three 5th graders
2 easy worksheets with different time to complete
1 minute
45 seconds

14. Results: Scores (Group 2)
Verbal persuasion raises self-efficacy which increases motivation.
Time duration: 1 minute
Verbal persuasion after students were asked if they can finish in less time.
2 of 3 students had self-efficacy raised
Time duration: 45 seconds
Student
Efficacy Level
Score
Student 1 3
80%
Student 2 2
100%
Student 3
Student
Efficacy Level
Score
Student 1 1
80%
Student 2 2
Student 3
100%

15. Procedure for Group 3 Study & Question: Does vicarious experiences raise self-efficacy?
2 students (5th and 6th grader)
2 different difficult worksheets
1st worksheet given
Watched Lorenzo finish second one in 45 seconds
2nd worksheet given

16. Results: Scores (Group 3)
Vicarious experience raised self-efficacy
1st worksheet
Before vicarious experience
2nd worksheet
Student
Efficacy Level
Score
Student 1 3
63%
Student 2 1
Student
Efficacy Level
Student 1 1
Student 2
Student
Efficacy Level
Score (Completion)
Student 1 3
100%
Student 2 2
88%

17. Conclusions WE WERE RIGHT!!!
Our hypothesis was right! Our hypothesis was valid because the students’ self-efficacy allowed them to perform better on the worksheets given.

18. Limitations of Our Study
Not enough students
Did not take their physiological state into account
Worksheets were not for the students specific grade level
School is ranked 12th in nation and 3rd in Texas for math efficiency!
Response to self-efficacy level was possibly affected by peer’s response
Like all research studies we had some limitations. These were that we did not have enough students, we were originally planning on testing the self-efficacy of at least 12 students. We did not take into account that the students could have been sad or had a different emotion that could have effected their self-efficacy response. Our worksheets were not appropriate for the specific grade level. For instance, we had the same math worksheets for all three grade levels. Before choosing to go to Holy Family, we did not know that they were ranked 12th in the nation and 3rd in the nation for math efficiency. The last thing is that we probably should of realized that the response of the other students could have effected another student.

19. Other Questions
Does high self-efficacy have a negative effect due to lack of preparation for given tasks?
Does low efficacy have a positive effect due to them preparing more for a given task?

20. Importance of Self-Efficacy for us
Lorenzo & Victor Perspective

21. Sources
Bandura, Albert. Self-efficacy: The Exercise of Control. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print.
stanford.edu
reynaldojrflores.wordpress.com
mentalitywod.com
launchyourgenius.com