1. ENERGY SECURITY AS INTEGRAL PART OF MARITIME SECURITY
Dr. Arūnas Molis
Head of Strategic analysis and research division
NATO ENSEC COE, Vilnius, Lithuania

2. Content NATO ENSEC COE: tasks and plans
NATO’s approach towards energy security
Energy aspects in maritime security

3. Concept of CEO’s - since 2003

4. NATO ENSEC COE
Established on July 10, 2012
Lithuania – framework nation, Estonia, Italy, France, Latvia, Turkey – sponsoring nations
Granted the status of international military organization and activated by NAC on 12 October 2012;
History
to assist NATO, Nations, Partners and other bodies by supporting NATO’s capability development process, mission effectiveness and interoperability by providing comprehensive and timely expertise on aspects of energy security.
Mission

5. Structure of NATO’s ENSEC COE*
US will initiate Note of Joining procedure shortly

6. NATO ENSEC COE PROGRAMS
Military Application of Energy Innovations
Promoting renewable (alternative) energy resources
Improving energy efficiency
Coordinating and promoting R&D projects
Protection of CEI
Concept development on CEI protection
Analyzing risks and threats to CEI
Supporting military capacity building for CEI protection
Civil – military cooperation
International Cooperation on Energy Security
International organizations and International law on energy security
Consultations with partners
Research and analysis
Publications
NATO ENSEC COE PROGRAMS 6

7. NATO on energy security
WHY?
Overdependence on external energy suppliers
Armed attacks on energy storages and distribution lines, systems
New tools and solutions beneficial to armed forces
… energy efficiency is becoming a strategic imperative..
…NATO Allies need to reduce their dependence on traditional fuels – Michael Ruhle, Head, Energy Security section , NATO IS

8. Engaging the debate Lisbon 2010 - New Strategic Concept
Bucharest Summit 2008 Direct references to critical energy infrastructure protection and military energy efficiency
Riga Summit First talks about energy security in NATO context
Lisbon New Strategic Concept
„Active engagement, Modern Defense“
Energy security as part of emerging challenges narrative
New capacities and policies to face the evolving security environment
Chicago Summit
A stable and reliable energy supply, diversification of routes, suppliers and energy resources, and the interconnectivity of energy networks, remain of critical importance
NATO will continue to consult on energy security and further develop the capacity to contribute to energy security, concentrating on areas where NATO can add value.
significantly improving the energy efficiency of our military forces;
develop our competence in supporting the protection of critical energy infrastructure;
further develop our outreach activities in consultation with partners, on a case-by- case basis

9. Energy aspects in maritime security
Increase of tankers’ traffic
Increase the possibility of accidents
Regional instabilities
= Human casualties, money losses, environmental pollution and potential ecological disaster

10. Maritime risks to energy security: perspectives
80% of global trade moves through water and more than a half of oil and gas transportation by tankers on fixed maritime routes
Many energy resource exploitation areas are under the sea or in close proximity to the water basins
Future energy exploration lying largely in the world’s oceans: hydrocarbons storages in the High North, new discoveries in the Caspian sea
Potential crises due to disputed maritime boundaries: discussions about EEZ, existing and new legal frameworks
Political instability of producing countries or regions
Geographical factors: shallow waters, deep water drilling

11. Maritime security and energy
NATO New strategic concept: “All countries are increasingly reliant on the vital communication, transport and transit routes on which international trade, energy security and prosperity depend”
Draft of NATO Strategic Foresight Analysis Report, 2013: “Energy security will be a major source of maritime disputes, within both‘blue’ and ‘brown’ water environments”
Amb. G. Iklody, NATO IS: „We somehow take for granted that we will always have enough eletricity, that our pipelines will always carry enough gas, that ships will always suppy us with the goods we want and need. The question we need to ask, however, is wheather things will stay that way“
B Tigner, Janes Defence Weekly: „NATO could play a role in the protection of energy infrastructure through its engagement in the patrolling of the international sea lanes of communication“

12. CEI to be protected
Infrastructures for the extraction, production or generation of energy,
Infrastructures for land and maritime transport,
Infrastructures for processing and refining,
Infrastructures for storage, distribution
NATO Parliamentary Assembly, 2008 Annual Session in Valencia: Committee Reports, 157 CDS 08 E rev 1 – Energy Security: Cooperating to Enhance the Protection of Critical Energy Infrastructures

13. WHAT CAN BE DONE? Capacity building through education
Open-mind approach to energy security
Collaboration between industry, government, international actors, states and private sector
Develop of new technologies and alternative energy projects
“Green” thinking

14. What is already done? Countries: NATO:
Australia: “An economic assessment of a disruption to shipping in the Strait of Hormuz on the Australian economy”
NATO:
international anti-piracy missions Operation Atalanta and Operation Ocean Shield have been put in place in order to increase the safety of the Suez Canal
NATO Special Team on Energy Efficiency and Environmental Protection (STEEEP) works in the area of maritime energy and efficiency and environmental legislation
NATO ENSEC COE – 2 NAVY officers employed (TUR, IT)

15. Thank you! NATO ENSEC COE NATO ENSEC COE Šilo str. 5a, Vilnius
Lithuania

16. BACKGROUND Increasing demand for petroleum and crude oil products
Increase of tankers’ traffic
Increase the possibility of accidents
Regional instabilities
= Human casualties, money losses, environmental pollution and potential ecological disaster

17. MARITIME VULNERABILITIES
Environmental factors
Power systems attacks and disruptions
Increasing oil piracy and terrorism
Patrolling problems in high sea
Problems in the Straits
Expensive Naval operations
Energy Security challenges in the maritime domain are most often trans-boundary in nature