1. The Emergence of Industrial Society in the West 1750-1914
AP Chapter 23
The Emergence of Industrial Society in the West

2. The Age of Revolution
From the 1770s through to 1848 is known as the Age of Revolution
Three forces were working to shatter Europe’s calm by the mid 1800s
Cultural change
Ongoing commercialization stirred the economy
Population revolution

3. The American Revolution
America was protesting newly imposed taxes and trade controls that took place after 1763

4. Continued
America used the Declaration of Independence to declare its reasons for the separation with England

5. Continued
By 1789 America won its freedom and setup a constitutional government based on Enlightenment principles

6. Crisis in France in 1789
Enlightenment thinkers urged the need to limit the powers of the Catholic Church, the aristocracy and the monarchy
Louis XVI wanted to call a meeting of the traditional parliament to consider tax reform but the middle class wanted to turn it into a modern parliament
The French proclaim their freedom by writing the Declaration of the Rights of Man

7. Declaration of the Rights of Man

8. The French Revolution: Radical and Authoritarian Phases
Radicals wanted to press the revolution forward and to set-up firmer authority in the revolution’s defense
Radicals abolished the monarchy Radicals guillotined the king

9. Execution of Louis XVI

10. Continued Maximilien Robespierre headed the Committee of Public Safety
He began the “Cult of the Supreme Being” to replace the Catholic in France
He sends thousands to their deaths during the Reign of Terror
The Committee finally turns on him when he has George Daunton executed

11. Robespierre

12. Committee of Public Safety

13. George Daunton

14. Napoleon
Napoleon Bonaparte took control of France after the fall of the Radicals
He instituted the Napoleonic Code (laws)
He set up secondary schools and universities
He attempted to expand France’s borders

15. Napoleon Bonaparte

16. A Conservative Settlement and the Revolutionary Legacy
After the defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo the Congress of Vienna met
They strived for a balance of power by surrounding France with powerful neighbors
Britain will gain new territories
Russia will finally step into the European theater
The monarchy is placed back on the throne in France and other European countries

17. Napoleon
Before Waterloo
After Waterloo

18. Greek Revolution
In 1820 revolts broke out in a nationalist Greek revolution against the Ottomans

19. Industrialization and the Revolutions of 1848
Displaced traditional artisans led the unrest in many of the industrialized nations
The Chartists Movement hoped that a democratic government would regulate new technologies and promote popular education
In 1848 the French monarchy was expelled from France for good

20. The Consolidation of the Industrial Order, 1850-1914
Industrialization caused parents to see children as a source of emotional satisfaction and parental responsibility not as workers contributing to a family economy Health rates began to rise especially after Louis Pasteur’s discovery of germs
There was a rise in the number of corporations
Peasant protest declined and peasants began sending their children to school

21. Louis Pasteur

22. Political Trends and the Rise of New Nations
In 1867 Britain’s prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli, pushed through Parliament a vote granting the vote to working class men in 1867
Prussia’s Otto von Bismarck extended the vote to all men in 1867

23. The Men
Benjamin Disraeli
Otto von Bismarck

24. Continued
The new conservatives also began to use the force of nationalism to win support for the existing social order
By 1871, Germany unified as a country under Bismarck’s leadership
Italy developed a process called transmismo, in which parliamentary deputies, no matter what platforms they professed, were transformed once in Rome to a single-minded pursuit of political office and support of the status quo

25. The Social Question and New Government Functions
The decline of basic constitutional disputes by the 1870s promoted the fuller development of an industrial-style state in the West a new set of political movements emerged
All Western government introduced civil service examinations to test applicants on the basis of talent rather than on connections or birth alone

26. Continued
Schooling expanded, becoming generally compulsory up to age 12
Government also began to introduce wider welfare measures, replacing or supplementing traditional groups such as churches and families

27. Realignment of the Western World During the 19th Century
Constitutional issues were replaced by social issues-what people of the time called the social question-as the key criteria for political partisanship
Socialist and feminist movements surged to the political fore, placing liberals and conservatives in a new defensive posture

28. Continued
Early socialist doctrine, from the Enlightenment through 1848, had focused on human perfectibility: set-up a new exemplary communities where work and rewards would be shared, and the evils of capitalism would end
Karl Marx’s socialism was tough minded

29. Karl Marx

30. Continued
Marx’s saw socialism as the final phase of an exorable march of history, which could be studied dispassionately and scientifically
Marx believed control was based on the available means of production and who controlled those means
Marx believed in a class struggle between the bourgeois and the proletariat in which the propertyless proletariat would overcome

31. Continued By 1900, powerful feminist movements had arisen
Those movements sought various legal and economic gains for women, such as equal access to professions and higher education as well as the right to vote

32. Feminist

33. Cultural Transformations
Factories could now spew out goods in such quantity that popular consumption had to be encouraged simply to keep pace with production
A mass leisure culture began to emerge by the 1880s when the bicycle fad broke
A rise in team sports readily expressed the complexities of the late 19th Century leisure revolution

34. Continued
There was a demonstrated growing secularism as religious practices began to decline

35. Advances in Scientific Knowledge
The churches no longer served as centers for the most creative intellectual life
Continuing advances in science kept alive the rationalist tradition
Universities and other research establishments increasingly applied science to practical affairs, linking science and technology in the popular mind under a general aura of progress

36. Continued
The great advance in theoretical science came in biology with the evolutionary theory of Charles Darwin, whose major work was published in 1859
Darwin’s theory believed in survival of the fittest through adaption

37. Charles Darwin

38. Albert Einstein

39. Continued
After 1900, Albert Einstein developed the Theory of Relativity through math, which overturned Newton’s simpler view of the universe
Toward the end of the 19th Century, Viennese physician Sigmund Freud began to develop his theories of the workings of the human subconscious

40. Sigmund Freud

41. New Directions in Artistic Expression
A second approach in western culture developed in the 19th Century in which artistic values were emphasized and often gloried the irrational
Many painters built the discoveries of science, using knowledge of optics and colors

42. Romanticism
Romanticism held that emotion and impression, not reason and generalization, were the keys to the mysteries of human experience and nature
Romantic novelists wanted to move readers to tears, not philosophical debate
Poetry did not have rhyme

43. Continued
By 1900, painters and sculptors were becoming increasingly abstract, and musical composers worked with atonal scales that defied long-established conventions

44. Western Settler Societies
Western industrial growth and nationalist rivalry brought an explosion of imperialist expansion in the late 19th Century
European nations competed for new colonies as part of their nationalistic rivalry business people sought new chances for profit, and missionaries sought opportunities for conversion

45. Continued
Massive European emigration created Western settler societies overseas in areas where indigenous populations were decimated by disease

46. Emerging Power of the United States

47. Continued
After the imposition of the Monroe Doctrine American energies were poured into elaboration of the new political system, internal commercial growth and early industrialization, and westward expansion
The U.S. acquired the Louisiana Purchase, the acquisition of Texas and the rush to California in order to expand West of the Mississippi

48. Manifest Destiny

49. American Civil War
The crucial event in the 19th Century was the Civil War
The Civil War accelerated American industrialization

50. American Civil War

51. European Settlements in Canada, Australia, and New Zealand
Like the United States, these new nations looked primarily to Europe for cultural styles and intellectual leadership
They followed common Western patterns in such areas as family life, the status of women, and the extension of mass education and culture
These new countries were far more dependent on the Europeans, particularly the British, economy more than was the United States

52. Diplomatic Tensions and World War I

53. Continued
The unification of Germany and its rapid industrial growth profoundly altered the power balance within Europe
Imperialist expansion had fed the sense of rivalry between key nation-states

54. The New Alliance
Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy formed the Triple Alliance
Britain, France and Russia formed the Triple Entente
Balkan Nationalism threatened Austria and Russia suffered a Revolution in 1905

55. Diplomacy and Society
Around 1914 German officials, fearful of the power of the socialists, wondered whether war would aid national unity
Leaders also depended on military buildups for economic purposses