1. Programming Paradigms
Procedural programming
Task based
Revolves around writing functions (procedures) to accomplish an overall goal
Supported by early programming languages
C, Cobol, Fortram, Basic, …
Object Oriented programming
Information (data) based
“Objects” represent both data and its manipulation
Supported by many modern programming languages
C++, Java, Python, JavaScript, …

2. Procedural programming
Task-based approach to programming
Problem is broken down into a series of (sub)tasks
Procedures are written to accomplish each task
Data (information) manipulated by the procedures
Procedures are assembled and run to accomplish overall goal
Like a recipe
Advantages
Intuitive, can lead to fast development
Disadvantages
Large/evolving projects can result in code that is difficult to maintain/modify
Simple changes can affect many sections of code

3. Object Oriented Programming
Object-based approach
Focus is on defining data types
And procedures for manipulating the data
Advantages
Objects are self-contained
Insulated from changes to other objects
Leads to better-organized, more easily supported code
Disadvantages
Less intuitive, requires more planning

4. Features of OOP - Encapsulation
Data stored in modular blocks called classes
Data accessible via procedures also contained in the classes
Internal data not directly accessible (only through procedures)
Advantage: changes can be localized in an object
Will not affect other parts of a program

5. Features of OOP - Inheritance
Objects can be based on another object
“group” properties are inherited
Existing properties can be modified
New properties can be added
Hierarchical
Example:
Animals -> Mammals -> Dogs

6. Features of OOP - Polymorphism
Behavior depends on usage
Functions can be “overloaded”
Different behavior for different argument lists
Different behavior for different argument types or sub-types
Functions can be made type-independent
Via “templates”