1. The Skeletal System

2. The Human Skeleton -Bones are LIVING tissue
Bone tissue is composed of:
Inorganic salts (calcium phosphate)
Water
Organic material (bone cells, blood vessels, nerves, and collagen)
Bone cells must continually receive food and oxygen
Them Not so Dry Bones

3. Bones: Adult human skeleton is made up of 206 bones
Humans start with more bones at birth, more than 300
Bones fuse as growth takes place
Bones continue to grow for the first 18 to 20 years of life
Bone cells die and are replaced by new ones

4. The human skeleton: -Bones make up for about 14% of total body weight
What do you think makes up for the most of our body weight?
-Largest bone is the femur
-Smallest bone is the stirrup bone in the ear
-Some bones are made up of several bones
Examples?
-Male and Female skeletons have slight differences
Males have slightly thicker and longer legs and arms
Females have a wider pelvis and a larger space with in the pelvis

5. Role of the Skeleton 1. Provides shape and support
2. Works in conjunction with the muscles to cause movement
3. Stores minerals and fat
4. Produces blood cells and platelets
5. Protects organs
Examples?

6. Structure of the Skeleton
Two main parts:
-Axial Skeleton
80 bones
Vertebral Column (spine)
Skull
Rib cage
Most of the body’s muscles originate (anchor) here
“core muscles”
Examples?
-Appendicular Skeleton
126 bones
Movable Limbs & Two Girdles
Pectoral & Hip
Allows for the most movement
Shoulders, arms, pelvis, legs

7. Bones and attachment:
Bones are attached to other bones by ligaments: Bones are joined to muscles by tendons:

8. 5 Types of Bones Long Bones Found in arms and legs Ex: humerus, femur
Short Bones
Most common in wrists and ankles
Ex: carpals, tarsals
Flat Bones
Flat and thin
Ex: cranium, scapula, sternum
Irregular Bones
Odd looking bones
Ex: vertebrae, pelvis
Sesamoid (Round) Bones
Small, flat bones wrapped with tendons
Ex: patella

9. Long Bones: In the body-
Humerus, Femur, Tibia, Fibula, Clavicle, Ulna, Radius, Metacarpals, Metatarsals, Phalanges
Cartilage-
Allows for smooth movement within joints while protecting the ends of bones.
Does not have a blood supply or nerve endings

10. Long Bone Vocab: Periosteum
Outer connective tissue that covers the entire length of the bone
Medullary Cavity
Found inside the shaft or the bone (diaphysis) and is filled with red and yellow bone marrow
Compact Bone
Dense part of the bone, responsible for the bone’s structural integrity, supports the body’s weight
Cancellous/Spongy Bone
Filled with marrow in its small cavity-like spaces

11. Long Bones:
-Provide Support -Serve as levers and linkages that allow movement -How do you strengthen long bones?

12. Injuries: Fractures- breaks or cracks in the bone
Closed Fracture: the bone is not exposed to the air through the skin
Open Fracture: the bone is exposed
Fractures are also distinguished according to the type of fracture and the severity of the break

13. Types of Fractures Simple Fracture Compound Fracture
No separation of the bone, but a break or crack is detectable. Also referred to as a hairline or greenstick fracture.
Compound Fracture
The bone is broken into separate pieces. Sometimes referred to as a transverse fracture.
Comminuted Fracture
Broken ends of the bone are shattered into many pieces.

14. Severity of Fractures:
Depends on:
Location of the fracture
Damage to the bone and surrounding tissue
Open or closed fracture

15. Stress Fractures:
-When muscles become too fatigued to absorb the shock placed on them, the stress is transferred to the bone. -This causes the bone to develop a tiny crack. -One of the most common injuries in sports.

16. Stress Fractures: How are they caused? How are they cared for?
Rapid increase in training
Switching to a new surface for training
Poor footwear with improper cushioning
How are they cared for?
Recommended to take 6-8 weeks of rest from activity
If activity is resumed too quickly, larger stress fractures can develop that take longer to heal

17. Healing: -Bones heal from breaks by rebuilding themselves
-Problems occur when:
There is infection
Bones heal by themselves and are misaligned

18. Healing:

19. Building Strong Bones:
Steps taken during adolescence is the best defense against decreased bone density:
Balanced diet rich in calcium and vitamin D
Weight bearing exercises
Healthy lifestyle
Bone density testing

20. Review: How many bones are in the adult body?
What are the 3 bones that make up the arm?
What are the 4 bones that make up the leg?
What are the 3 functions of the skeletal system? Examples of bones.
Organs the skeletal system protects and the body system they are a part of.
What are the 2 main parts of the skeleton?
What are the 5 types of bones? Example of each.
Which type of bone contains marrow? Where in the bone? (2)
What is the function of cartilage?
Compare/Contrast simple and compound fractures.
How do you keep the skeletal system healthy?

21. The Female Triad Article: Pg. 326
Read the article and respond:
Explain the Female Triad, how is it related to the skeletal system?
Why do you think women still suffer from the Female Triad even when they know the risks of how their body is negatively effected?
Support with textual evidence.