1. GS 221 Work and Society
Dr. Haydar Badawi Sadig

2. Modern theory 9: System Theory (John Dunlop)
It is the relationships and interactions between elements which explain the behavior of the whole.
Open system (HP & Honda)
Closed system

3. System Theory Hierarchy of management
Components in any system:
Hierarchy of management
Hierarchy of non-management employees and their representatives (usually trade union members)
Specialized government agencies concerned with industrial relation.
All the their agencies exist within the broader environment which includes elements like political, economical, social, technological and legal forces.
The three agents interact and negotiate with each other within the influence of this common environment, and in the process determine the rules and positions that determine the outcome of industrial relations system.

4. Modern theory 10: Contingency theory
A class of behavioral theory that claims that there is no best way to organize company, or to make decisions. (non-determinist)
An organizational/ leadership/ decision making style that is effective in some situations, may not be successful in other situations. In other words, the optimal organization/ leadership/ decision-making style depends on various internal and external constraints.

5. Contingency theory Four important ideas of Contingency Theory are:
There is no universal or one best way to manage
The design of an organization and its subsystems must 'fit' with the environment
Effective organizations not only have a proper 'fit' with the environment but also between its subsystems
The needs of an organization are better satisfied when it is properly designed and the management style is appropriate both to the tasks undertaken and the nature of the work group.

6. Contingency theory

7. Contingency theory
Their criticism on earlier theories: Weber’s bureaucracy and Taylor’s scientific management had failed because they neglected that management style and organizational structure were influenced by various aspects of the environment: the contingency factors.

9. Modern theory 11: Action theory
The implication of this theory was that through social interactions people could modify and possibly even transform social meanings, and therefore any explanation of human action has to take into account the meanings.
Pays attention to limitations of rational-bureaucratic model, emphasizing the variability of members’ definition of goals, the way the members manipulate the different kinds of power and the variability of methods members use to achieve organizational goals.

10. Eye contact Asian avoid eye contact- a greeting gesture United States
When saying hello or talking to someone it is impolite to not look directly at the person.

11. OK signal United States The O.K. signal expresses approval Japan
The O.K. signal means that you are asking for money.

12. Middle finger Korea The middle finger is used to point United States
Using your middle finger is very offensive. Used in place of inappropriate language.

13. Thumbs up United States
Thumbs up-used for hitch hiking, or approving of something
Nigeria
This is a rude gesture in Nigeria.

14. Whistle United States Someone may whistle when happy. Europe
Whistling may be a sign of disapproval at public events.