1. Human Geography of South America
History and Government
The Inca Empire’s wealth and highly developed infrastructure attracted Spanish conquistadors.
Portuguese, British, French, and Dutch settlers also established colonies, which drastically reduced indigenous populations.
In the 1800s, independence movements led by Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín emerged.
Dictatorships dominated the postcolonial period.
Today, democratically elected governments struggle with economic and social justice issues.

2. Human Geography of South America
Population Patterns
The once-high population growth has moderated.
Most people live in cities in the coastal regions where there is a favorable climate, fertile land, and access to transportation.
Highly populated urban areas make finding jobs and affordable housing difficult for migrants.
South America is experiencing brain drain to North America and Europe, which is the loss of many highly educated and skilled workers.

3. Human Geography of South America
Society and Culture Today
South America is a blend of native, European, Asian, and African languages and traditions.
The majority of people are Roman Catholic, though less common religions include Protestantism, Buddhism, Hinduism, Judaism, Shinto, Islam, and Eastern Orthodox Christianity.
The quality of education and health care varies greatly from country to country and from urban to rural areas.
Indigenous crafts, art, and architecture reflect the history of the native cultures.

4. Human Geography of South America
Economic Activities
Oil resources, agriculture, and mining of the abundant natural resources all contribute to South America’s economic development.
Manufacturing is growing rapidly, but physical geography influences commercial activity.
Many countries in the region are still considered developing countries.
Increased cooperation between countries through trade partnerships and infrastructure is improving economic growth.