1. Europe after French Revolution

2. Congress of Vienna

3. Congress is Called Great Powers- Austria, GB, Prussia, Russia
Why? Celebrate, confirm victory over Napoleon and France
redraw map of Europe
Architect: Metternich

4. Congress of Vienna

5. Congress is Called Motives: Settlement lasted 40 years
Est. peace
Preserve old political structure
Not successful in end
Settlement lasted 40 years
Most decisions made in winter of

6. The Delegates Prussia- King Frederick William III
Russia- Czar Alexander I
Austria- Prince Klemens von Metternich (most influential)
Dominated Congress

7. Francis of
Austria

8. Alexander I

9. Frederick
William
III

10. Metternich’s Goals Strengthen countries around France
Restore balance of power in Europe
Restore royal family in France

11. The Congress Lasted 9 months Accomplishments Napoleon’s return Buffers
Balance of Power
Legitimacy

12. Buffers Encircle France- stop French attempts at expansion
Uniting of Kingdom of Netherlands
39 states= German Confederation
Switz= recognized independence
Sardinia strengthened
Prussia buffer against Russia (GB)

13. Balance of Power Why France not destroyed?
Upset balance of power
France gave up all lands gained by Napoleon
France kept overseas land, army, govt.
British overseas trade increased

14. Legitimacy Rulers driven out by Napoleon restored to power
France- Louis XVIII (Bourbon)
Hapsburgs back in N. Italy

15. Problems at Congress Prussia and Russia wanted more land
Other said no, upset balance of power
France, Prince Tallyrand, and Britain, Lord Castlereagh threaten war
German Confederation organized
Settlement kept peace:
No country too strong
No one too unhappy

16. Lord
Castlereagh

17. Concert of Europe Encouraged by Napoleonic Wars
Discuss problems in Europe and ways to avoid problems
1815- Holy Alliance- Monarchs follow Christian principles in ruling
Metternich System- Resist threats to established order

18. Challenges to Metternich System
Spirit of revolution grew
Spain
1820 army forces liberal constitution on Ferdinand VII
1823 French army comes in to stop rebellion

19. Challenges cont… Russia
Reformers wanted to Westernize and est. new constitution
Dec Decembrist revolt crushed by Nicholas I

20. Nicholas I

21. Challenges cont… France
1814 Louis XVIII issued charter to protect rights gained in revolution (nobles wanted Old Regime back)
Middle class wanted King Louis Phillippe
Belgium
Catholic country ruled by Dutch Protestants
1831 Belgium’s independence recognized

22. Challenges cont… Poland Poland wanted independence from Russia
Czar Nicholas I crushes rebellion

23. Political Triumph Settlements fair No grudges No seeds for future wars
WWI- first major war after Congress

24. Results Considered Conservative

25. Restoring Monarchs Kings and princes were restored
Metternich’s goal: no more social contracts
Put rightful rulers back in place

26. Britain Constitutional Monarchy
Only country where Parliament had more power than monarch
Not democracy- Parliament mainly wealthy landowners
Tiny fraction elected reps (large property owners)

27. Eastern Europe Absolutism East more conservative than West
Russia, Prussia, Austria- absolute monarchs
1815 Holy Alliance- pact against liberalism
Help against revolutionaries or reformers

28. France Chamber of Deputies (elected)- shared power w/ Louis XVIII
Not democratic- 1 in 300 men had right to vote
Lower class- still committed to liberal ideas of revolution
Overthrow Bourbons (REPUBLIC)
Revolutions in 1830, 1848

29. Others… Spain and Portugal- monarchies restored
Balance of power achieved
War avoided

30. New Nationalism of Italy and Greece

31. Nationalism Greatest loyalty should be to state Force reshaped Europe
1815- only France and Spain were nation-states
Modern nationalism born in French Revolution

32. Greece 1st to win independence from Ottomans
Revolts began in 1821
Europeans behind Greeks- education gave them respect for Greeks (Renaissance)
Great Powers helped Greeks

33. Greece
1827 GB, Fr, Russia fleets destroy Ottomans at Battle of Navarino
1830 Treaty gave Greece full independence
Success encourages other nationalities to pursue independence
Liberal govt. est. (not influence balance of power, not buffer)

34. Italy Mazzini sparks Italian nationalism Italy divided
Young Italy- mid class, under 40
Italy divided
Nationalists want unity
Austria, Spain, Pope, independent
1805 Napoleon combined separate states into Kingdom of Italy
Ruled by France

35. Italy Nationalism had little mass support Austria was obstacle
Cultural differences (N. v. S. Italy)
Educated & mid class
Austria was obstacle
Metternich saw nationalism as threat (arrested Mazzini)
Nationalism was liberalism

36. Germany does not Unite at this Time

37. Germany 39 different “countries”
Loose confederation made at Congress at Vienna
1st step toward unification
Diet- all German parliament
Powerless- no army to enforce decisions
Could NOT make laws w/out total approval (Prussia & Austria)

38. Germany Liberals and nationalists wanted unity
1815 Austria was most powerful state
Germans most dominant national group
Political, military leaders

39. Germany Metternich believed nationalism threatened Austria
Could not stop nationalism
Pressure against Hapsburgs grows

40. Romanticism

41. Romanticism Linked to nationalism Reaction against Enlightenment
Against orderly, rational approach
Affected politics and the arts

42. Characteristics Emphasis on emotion & passion
Feeling not thinking
Emphasis on individualism
Heroic rebels
Celebration of nature
Glorification of past
“good ol’ days”
Past offered more than future

43. The Arts…
Music
Beethoven- turned away from tightly controlled composition
Appealed to emotion, heart, soul
Chopin, Schubert, Verdi, Tchaikovsky

44. English Writers
Wordsworth- Age & urban living=nature less beautiful, less imagination
Lord Byron-Embodied French Revolution
Rejects old traditions/push for personal liberty

45. German Writers Goethe- Faust Romantic but condemned excesses
Schlegel- Lucinde
Social issues
Women more than societal norm

46. The Arts…(more) Painting- emotion dominates
Writers: Hugo- Hunchback of Notre Dame
Dumas- The Three Musketeers
Mary Shelley- Frankenstein
Painting- emotion dominates
Mood conveyed
Delocroix (Fr) Turner (GB)

47. Romanticism Fuels nationalism Celebration past glories
National groups collect writings about their own groups (Grimm Brothers in Germany)
In art, countries were shown as human figures