1. 1.4: Muscles And Tendons Unit 1: Factors affecting performance
LS (Unit 1) Factors affecting performance 4. Muscles and Tendons ?

2. Learning Objectives By the end of these four lessons students should:
Describe the composition and function of skeletal muscle. Compare skeletal muscle with the heart muscle and explain the differences.
Understand the difference between slow and fast twitch muscle fibres and how they benefit different forms of exercise.
Describe how exercise and activities affect the composition and efficiency of muscles and ultimately performance.
Identify how muscles work as antagonistic pairs to affect movement, their role as prime movers and synergists during specific movements.
Understand the role of tendons
Assessment:
A*-C Grade = more in-depth answers and extension work
D-G Grade = answer most questions at foundation level
LS (Unit 1) Factors affecting performance 4. Muscles and Tendons

3. BUT YOU ONLY HAVE TO LEARN AND UNDERSTAND 11 OF THESE MUSCLES ! ! !
Introduction
Q1) How many muscles are in the human body?
600
Q2) How many of those muscles are in the head and neck?
150
BUT YOU ONLY HAVE TO LEARN AND UNDERSTAND 11 OF THESE MUSCLES ! ! !
Muscles have different shapes and sizes, perform different roles depending on their position in the body, and they can be controlled or out of your control depending on their function.
LS (Unit 1) Factors affecting performance 4. Muscles and Tendons

4. Activity
Using appendix 1 – name all the major muscles, use the Internet and your text book
LS (Unit 1) Factors affecting performance 4. Muscles and Tendons ?

5. Task 1: Types of Muscle Voluntary / Skeletal Muscles.
There are 3 types of muscle in the human body.
Voluntary / Skeletal Muscles.
Involuntary Muscles.
Cardiac Muscles.
LS (Unit 1) Factors affecting performance 4. Muscles and Tendons

6. Task 3: Movement What permits movement in the human body?
The Body is jointed = allows movements
Different joints = different movements
What type of movement is allowed at the following joints?
Knee joint
Shoulder joint
C1 + C2 vertebrae (Top of the spine)
= extension/ flexion
= adduction / abduction / rotation (full)
= rotation (partial
LS (Unit 1) Factors affecting performance 4. Muscles and Tendons

7. Group Task: Voluntary & Involuntary Muscles
List as many voluntary and involuntary muscles as possible
LS (Unit 1) Factors affecting performance 4. Muscles and Tendons

8. Involuntary Muscles Triceps Voluntary Muscles Biceps Deltoids
Pectorals
Trapezius
Gluteals
Quadriceps
Hamstrings
Gastrocnemius
Latissimus dorsi
Abdominals
Involuntary Muscles
Intestines
Blood vessels
Stomach
Spinal Cord
Pupils
Lungs
Internal Organs
Bladder
LS (Unit 1) Factors affecting performance 4. Muscles and Tendons

9. Task 2 - Voluntary / Skeletal Muscles
Named skeletal muscle as they attach to the bones.
These are the majority of muscles in your body.
Give the body shape and allow movement.
Under your conscious control.
Used for movement, especially sporting actions.
LS (Unit 1) Factors affecting performance 4. Muscles and Tendons

10. LS (Unit 1) Factors affecting performance 4. Muscles and Tendons

11. Task 3: Involuntary Muscles
NOT under your conscious control.
Found in intestines and blood vessels.
Have to keep contracting for crucial body functions to continue.
Operate automatically.
LS (Unit 1) Factors affecting performance 4. Muscles and Tendons

12. Task 4: Cardiac The walls of the heart. Never fatigue!!!
LS (Unit 1) Factors affecting performance 4. Muscles and Tendons

13. Task 5: Slow & Fast Twitch Muscle Fibres
Muscles contain two different types of fibre.
Each type allows different types of movement.
Slow Twitch
Fast Twitch
Contract slowly.
Contract quickly.
Produce little force.
Produce lots of force.
Use O2 to produce energy.
Don't use O2 to produce energy.
Do not tire easily.
Tire quickly.
Best for aerobic activities.
Examples:
Best for anaerobic/power/
strength activities
jogging, long distance
swimming.
Sprinting, throwing
LS (Unit 1) Factors affecting performance 4. Muscles and Tendons

14. Task 6: Antagonistic pairs
ANTAGONISTIC MUSCLES:
Pairs of muscles that work against each other.
e.g. biceps and triceps in the arm.
hamstrings and quadriceps in the leg
The two antagonistic muscles are referred to as the Prime Mover and the Antagonist:
PRIME MOVER
The muscle which contracts (shortens).
ANTAGONIST
The other muscle which relaxes (lengthens).
When movement occurs, a Synergist is also necessary in some cases:
SYNERGIST
The muscle(s) which contracts & works with another muscle to generate movement. e.g. brachioradialis
LS (Unit 1) Factors affecting performance 4. Muscles and Tendons

15. LS (Unit 1) Factors affecting performance 4. Muscles and Tendons

16. Muscles and Movement
Muscles are attached to the bones of the skeleton by tendons
Muscles are made up of many muscle fibres and when these pull against the skeleton (contract), movement takes place
Muscles cannot push, this is why they are arranged in pairs so the other muscle can pull in the opposite direction
LS (Unit 1) Factors affecting performance 4. Muscles and Tendons

17. Task 7: Muscle Contractions for Movement
There are three types of muscle contraction:
Isotonic.
Isometric.
Isokinetic.
LS (Unit 1) Factors affecting performance 4. Muscles and Tendons

18. Task 8: Isotonic Divided into 2 types:
Meaning same tension
Divided into 2 types:
Concentric - The muscle shortens as it contracts, e.g. raising a bicep curl.
Eccentric - The muscle lengthens but is still under tension, e.g. lowering a bicep curl.
LS (Unit 1) Factors affecting performance 4. Muscles and Tendons 18

19. Task 9: Isometric Meaning same distance or not moving
The muscles remain the same length throughout.
Parts of the body remain still while other parts are working,
EXAMPLES:
Bicep curl - deltoids, trapezius, latissimus dorsi etc remain still.
Gripping a tennis racket.
Holding an object still.
LS (Unit 1) Factors affecting performance 4. Muscles and Tendons 19

20. Task 10: Isokinetic Meaning same speed
Happens when the speed of the movement stays the same throughout the movement
e.g. swimming front crawl - the arms are moving at a relatively constant speed as the resistance is constant.
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21. Task 11: Tendons Attach muscle to the bone.
Very strong, non-elastic cord.
Vary in size and shape.
Attachments
Attach one end of the muscle to a fixed point.
The origin.
Attach the other end of the muscle to the moving part of the body.
The insertion.
LS (Unit 1) Factors affecting performance 4. Muscles and Tendons

22. LS (Unit 1) Factors affecting performance 4. Muscles and Tendons

23. LS (Unit 1) Factors affecting performance 4. Muscles and Tendons

24. Task 12: Muscle Function and Sporting Significance
Name of muscle
Function
Example in sport
Triceps
Extend the arm at the elbow
Press-up, throw a javelin
Biceps
Flex the arm at the elbow
Pull-up, draw a bow in archery
Deltoids
Move the arm in all directions at the shoulder
Bowl a cricket ball
Pectorals
Adduct the arm at the shoulder
Forehand drive in tennis
Trapezius
Hold the shoulders in place,
move head back and sideway
Hold head up in rugby scrum
Latissimus dorsi
Adduct and extend the arm at the shoulder
Butterfly stroke in swimming
Abdominals
Flex the trunk across the stomach
Pull the body down when hurdling
Gluteals
Adduct and extend leg at the hips
Pull back leg before kicking a ball
Quadriceps
Extend the leg at the knee
Kick a ball, jumping upwards
Hamstrings
Flex the leg at the knee
Bend knee before kicking a ball
Gastrocnemius
Pointing the toes, help to flex the knee
Run

25. Learning Objectives By the end of these four lessons students should:
Describe the composition and function of skeletal muscle. Compare skeletal muscle with the heart muscle and explain the differences.
Understand the difference between slow and fast twitch muscle fibres and how they benefit different forms of exercise.
Describe how exercise and activities affect the composition and efficiency of muscles and ultimately performance.
Identify how muscles work as antagonistic pairs to affect movement, their role as prime movers and synergists during specific movements.
Understand the role of tendons
Assessment:
A*-C Grade = more in-depth answers and extension work
D-G Grade = answer most questions at foundation level
LS (Unit 1) Factors affecting performance 4. Muscles and Tendons