1. GIS Outputs Printed maps Tabular data Graphs Cartograms
Online GIS resources
Consumer GIS Products

2. The two key points Correct analysis Clear communication
Yes, that’s it.

3. Output Process Determine scale and purpose of output
AUDIENCE
Professional or Public? Both?
Reference map or single purpose?
Decide (guess) how it will be viewed
Computer screen, printed (color or B + W)
Layers and Symbolization
Layout
Title, scale bar, etc.

4. An Iterative Process Output takes 30 seconds, but…
My “good” ($$) maps take weeks
Finish, wait, edit, finish, wait, edit
Communicate with client/boss as necessary
Your methods and mileage may vary

5. Printed Maps Audience goals Navigation Communication Education
Entertainment
Legal Records
Reference
Propaganda
Others?

6. Maps for Navigation Scale Elevation Boundaries Routes Features
Declination
Comfort + Confidence?

7. Maps for Navigation

8. Maps for Communication
British Columbia Biogeoclimatic Zones
How many layers?
Color Logic?

9. Maps for Communication

10. Maps for Education Gettysburg, 1863 (Could do in ArcScene) John B
Maps for Education Gettysburg, 1863 (Could do in ArcScene) John B. Bachelder

11. Maps for Education (simple version)

12. Maps for Entertainment
Most are not suitable for class…

13. Tax Maps (Legal Records)
Parcel number
Surveyed dimensions
Road dimensions

14. Boundary Surveys (Legal Records)
More detailed than tax maps
Include reference points

15. Maps for Reference

16. Propaganda Maps

17. Propaganda Maps CNN Reuters

18. Cartographic Conventions Consistency and Rules
Water is blue, labels are blue italics
Always.
Forest is dark green, grassland light green
Peaks are white, valleys green, deserts tan
On most regional maps
Highways are red, minor roads black
Mileage may vary
Bottom line: use intuitive/logical/standard colors

19. Using the Full Page
Page
Map Edge
Margin

20. Balancing the Page
Page
Map Edge
Margin

21. Balancing the Page

22. Balancing the Page

23. Balancing the Page

24. Rule of Thirds (Photography)
Not necessary, but…
Off-center is not always bad
Centered is often not best
Balance, balance, balance

25. Visual Hierarchy Your map’s subject should attract the eye first
All other elements are unobtrusive but present
And you read more here

26. Map Elements Title Legend Authorship Disclaimer Locator Map Scale
Neatline
Reference Grid
North Arrow

27. Map Elements: Title

28. Map Elements: Legend

29. Map Elements: Authorship

30. Map Elements: Disclaimer

31. Map Elements: Locator Map

32. Map Elements: Scale

33. Map Elements: Neatline

34. Map Elements: Neatline

35. Map Elements: Reference Grid

36. Map Elements: North Arrow

37. Colors: Consider the Following
Red/green colorblindness
8% of men, 0.5% of women
Color maps on B+W printer

40. Color - RGB (monitor) versus CMYK (printer) Translucent (monitor- softcopy) versus opaque (printer- hardcopy)
RGB: additive colours
CMYK: subtractive colors
Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Black
Subtle contrasts onscreen may not work in print; solid tints onscreen are too dark in print
e.g. blue lettering on blue lakes

41. Contrasting Colors: OK

42. Contrasting Colors: Not OK

43. Contrasting Colors: Really Not OK

44. Colors: Consider the Following

45. Colors: Consider the Following

46. Colors: Consider the Following

47. Tabular Outputs: When?
Crowded maps (impossible to label)

48. Tabular Outputs Roman hostels and nearby amenities
2014 GEOG300 project
Precise information on each point (reference)

49. Graphs Volume by age class, crown closure

50. Cartograms: Grid Based
Each square = 500,000 people

51. Cartograms: Circular

52. Online Functions

53. Consumer Data Products
Public interest groups
Your supervisor (!)

54. Summary Output is an iterative process
Most maps have a single point to communicate
That point should stand out
Everything else should not
Always keep audience and format in mind
Formats for final project
Almost any of these, backed by analyses
Except: online functions/consumer products (unless…)