1. Red Alert!
Constituents of Blood

2. Blood Blood is a heterogeneous mixture.
It is a fluid that circulates throughout the body.
It carries nutrients from digestive system to body cells.
It carries oxygen taken up by respiratory system
It removes wastes produced by cell metabolism.

3. Blood Constituents Human body contains about 5 L of blood
Blood has four main components:
Fluid component: 55 % of the blood is plasma
Solid components: 45% of blood
They are suspended in the plasma and include:
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets

4. Red blood cells are the most dense; and therefore deposit on the bottom.
Plasma is the least dense; floats on top.
White blood cells and platelets form a layer in the middle.

5. Functions of Blood Constituents

6. Plasma: Liquid component of blood
Yellowish tint ,90% water.
Suspends the red and white blood cells and platelets so they can flow through the body.
Function of Plasma is to transport:
red and white blood cells
Platelets
Nutrients
Dissolved proteins
Antibodies
Hormones
Waste produced by cellular respiration (urea and carbon dioxide)

7. Solid component of blood: white and red blood cells and platelets

8. Red Blood Cells: Are concave on both sides NO nucleus
Have a life span of 3-4 months
Develop in bone marrow
Function: Red blood cells transport oxygen and carbon dioxide with the help of the protein hemoglobin (this gives blood its red color)

9. Oxygenated Blood:
When a red blood cell reaches alveoli, hemoglobin binds with oxygen. It becomes bright red.
Deoxygenated Blood:
When hemoglobin loses it’s oxygen and binds with carbon dioxide it is darker red NOT BLUE!!!

10. White blood cells: leucocytes
Round blood cells with a nucleus
Larger than red blood cells
Fewer white blood cells
No hemoglobin (colourless)

11. Function of White Blood Cells: Our main defense against disease
Number of white blood cells increases when there is an infection
There are different types of white blood cells with different functions for protecting the body
Some neutralize antigens (bacteria, viruses or other foreign elements by producing antibodies)
Others get rid of debris from dead or damaged cells, old RBC’s and microorganisms

12. Platelets: Thrombocytes
platelets usually move freely in blood vessels.
Small fragments of red blood cells
No nucleus
Functions of platelets: CLOTTING
In the case of damage to the wall of a blood vessel, platelets clump together to help produce filaments of fibrin which capture blood cells to form a clot (coagulate) and stop the bleeding.
Link together to form scabs when in contact with air.

14. Infections: When an infection invades your body:
White blood cells (antibodies) increase to fight off infection.
Temperature increases due to high production of antibodies and virus.
Virus continues to increase until white blood cells take over.

16. Blood Types
Red blood cells have proteins on their surface which stick out. These are called Antigens or agglutinogens.
These antigens trigger a defensive clotting reaction when they are introduced into a foreign body.
The opposite of antigens
are Antibodies
If an antigen meets
it’s antibody, they clump

17. Blood Types
There are two types of antigen systems: ABO system and Rhesus factor (Rh);
Blood types are determined by antigens present or absent from the surface of red blood cells. Blood types are hereditary
Antigens A = blood type A;
Antigens B = blood type B;
Antigens A and B = blood type AB
No antigens = blood type O
Rhesus factor (Rh) present = positive (+) blood;
Rhesus factor (Rh)absent = negative (-) blood;
Two systems combined = 8 blood types.

18. Agglutination is the process whereby we can determine blood type.

19. Blood types are not distributed evenly throughout the world
Blood types are not distributed evenly throughout the world. In Qc, blood type O is the most common

20. Antigen on red blood cell
ABO Blood Types
Blood Type
Antigen on red blood cell
Antibody in Plasma A B AB
A & B
None O

21. Transfusions and compatibility of blood types
Body considers all antigens that are different from its own to be foreign and harmful
Human plasma have specific antibodies (agglutinins) that act against antigens that they do no possess to neutralize them once they are detected as foreign
A person’s body must be able to recognize the antigens that are not present in the body
A person with blood type A would recognize B antigens if they enter the body and vice- versa;
Anti-A directed against A antigens
Anti-B directed against B antigens

22. Transfusions and compatibility of blood types
Blood transfusion: transfer of blood product to a patient (the recipient) from another person (the donor);
The danger for the recipient would be to receive an antigen for which they have the antibody because it will cause the blood to clot.
Recipients Plasma must not contain any antibodies against the donor’s antigens
To prevent fatal consequences, the blood of the donor and the blood of the recipient must be compatible.

23. Transfusions and compatibility of blood types
Blood compatibility: possibility of transfusing a blood product from a donor with a specific blood type to a recipient of the same blood type or of a different blood type without causing agglutination;
“we can only receive the antigens we already have”
O negative blood is referred to as the universal donor because red blood cells don’t contain any antigens (so no antibodies) and can be transfused to any blood type
AB positive blood is referred to as the universal recipient because it contains all the antigens (so no antibodies). Must be transfused only to AB positive blood types.

24. Rh-  Rh+

26. http://www.nobelprize.org/educational/ medicine/bloodtypinggame/2.html

27. Héma-Québec: Give Blood. Give Life
Founded in 1998, it has for mission to provide hospitals with blood products and bone marrow, and tissues from donors throughout the province.
It monitors the quality of the products very carefully, each donation is tested for diseases like AIDS, hepatitis B and hepatitis C.

28. Blood-Related Diseases
Hemophilia: genetic illness that causes dysfunction in one of the blood's clotting mechanisms. This can allow otherwise inconsequential wounds to be life-threatening
Leukemia: is a cancer of the blood or bone marrow and is characterized by an abnormal proliferation (production by multiplication) of blood cells, usually white blood cells (leukocytes).
Anemia: insufficient red cell mass.
Thalassemia: genetic defect resulting in reduced rate of synthesis of one of the globin chains that make up hemoglobin which can cause the formation of abnormal hemoglobin molecules.
Sickle-cell anemia: life-long blood disorder characterized by red blood cells that assume an abnormal, rigid, sickle shape.